---
title: cascade — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cascade» in the school dictionary: A cascade is a small waterfall, or a series of small waterfalls going down rocks. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cascade

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cascade, small waterfalls, one thing, Water, One mistake, Flowers · **What happens:** be, go down, fall, hang down, cause, cascade · **To what, where:** small waterfall, rocks, large amount, chain, next, large amounts · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cascade» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cascade in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cascade.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cascade is a small waterfall, or a series of small waterfalls going down rocks.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:m1:1
# text = A cascade is a small waterfall, or a series of small waterfalls going down rocks.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	waterfalls	waterfall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	down	down	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cascade | a small waterfall or a series of small waterfalls |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go down** | gerund | small waterfalls *not said here* | rocks |  |  |  | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient rock=Extent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cascade is a large amount of something falling or hanging down, like a cascade of hair or flowers.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:m2:1
# text = A cascade is a large amount of something falling or hanging down, like a cascade of hair or flowers.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	_
9	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	hanging	hang	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	conj	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cascade | a large amount |  |  |  | of something | tree rules |
| 2 | **fall** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | like a cascade of hair or flowers | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **hang down** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cascade is a chain of events where one thing causes the next, and the next.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:m3:1
# text = A cascade is a chain of events where one thing causes the next, and the next.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	events	event	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cascade | a chain |  |  |  | of events | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | present | one thing | the next |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition next=Patient |
| 3 | **be** |  | a cascade *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cascade means to pour or fall down quickly in large amounts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:m4:1
# text = To cascade means to pour or fall down quickly in large amounts.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cascade	cascade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	pour	pour	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	amounts	amount	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cascade** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **pour** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |
| 4 | **fall down** | infinitive |  |  |  | large amounts |  | quickly *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in amount=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water tumbled down the cascade into a pool.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x1:1
# text = Water tumbled down the cascade into a pool.
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	tumbled	tumble	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pool	pool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tumble down** | participle | Water *not said here* | the cascade |  |  |  | into a pool | vn mix-22.1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent cascade=Patient into pool=Co-Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her curly hair cascaded down her back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x2:1
# text = Her curly hair cascaded down her back.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	cascaded	cascade	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cascade** | participle |  | Her curly hair *not said here* |  | her back |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme down back=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cascade of balloons fell from the ceiling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x3:1
# text = A cascade of balloons fell from the ceiling.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	balloons	balloon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ceiling	ceiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | a cascade of balloons |  |  | the ceiling |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from ceiling=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One mistake set off a cascade of problems.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x4:1
# text = One mistake set off a cascade of problems.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	mistake	mistake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	set	set	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	off	off	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cascade	cascade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set off** | participle | One mistake *not said here* | a cascade of problems |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition cascade=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Flowers cascaded over the garden wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x5:1
# text = Flowers cascaded over the garden wall.
1	Flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cascaded	cascade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cascade** | past | Flowers |  |  | the garden wall |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over wall=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rain cascaded off the roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x6:1
# text = Rain cascaded off the roof.
1	Rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	cascaded	cascade	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cascade** | participle |  | Rain *not said here* |  | the roof |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme off roof=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Waters roared beneath them, or fell in cascades from above.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cascade:x7:1
# text = Waters roared beneath them, or fell in cascades from above.
1	Waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	roared	roar	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	cascades	cascade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	above	above	ADV	RB	_	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roar** | past | Waters |  |  |  |  | beneath them *= they* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme beneath they=Location |
| 2 | **fall** | past | Waters *not said here* |  |  | cascades |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in cascade=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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