---
title: cave — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cave» in the school dictionary: A cave is a large hole in the side of a hill or cliff or under the ground. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cave

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cave, Bats, Early people, Water, you, We · **What happens:** be, mean, stop, argue, agree, sleep · **To what, where:** large hole, side, cave, animals, cave walls, thousands

<!-- .vabout -->
«cave» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cave in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cave.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cave is a large hole in the side of a hill or cliff or under the ground.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:m1:1
# text = A cave is a large hole in the side of a hill or cliff or under the ground.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	under	under	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cave | a large hole |  | the side of a hill or cliff or the ground |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cave in is to fall down inwards, like a roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:m2:1
# text = To cave in is to fall down inwards, like a roof.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	in	in	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	advcl	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	fall	fall	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	inwards	inwards	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | like a roof; fall, inwards *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cave in can also mean to stop arguing and agree because of pressure.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:m3:1
# text = To cave in can also mean to stop arguing and agree because of pressure.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	arguing	argue	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	agree	agree	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
12	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	pressure	pressure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | cave |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stop** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | cave *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | gerund | cave *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **agree** *speech: agree* | present | cave *not said here* |  |  |  |  | because pressure | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bats sleep in the cave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x1:1
# text = Bats sleep in the cave.
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sleep** | present | Bats |  |  | the cave |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in cave=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Early people painted animals on cave walls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x2:1
# text = Early people painted animals on cave walls.
1	Early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	painted	paint	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | past | Early people | animals |  | cave walls |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent animal=Theme on wall=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water made this cave over thousands of years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x3:1
# text = Water made this cave over thousands of years.
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Water | this cave |  | thousands of years |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cave=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't go into caves without a guide.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x4:1
# text = Don't go into caves without a guide.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	go	go	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	guide	guide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **go** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | caves |  | without a guide | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into cave=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof of the old mine caved in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x5:1
# text = The roof of the old mine caved in.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	mine	mine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	caved	cave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cave in** | participle |  | the old mine *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We used torches to explore the cave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x6:1
# text = We used torches to explore the cave.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	torches	torch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	explore	explore	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | We | torches |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Patient |
| 2 | **explore** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the cave |  |  |  |  | vn investigate-35.4 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent cave=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After an hour of begging, Dad caved in and bought the ice cream.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x7:1
# text = After an hour of begging, Dad caved in and bought the ice cream.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	begging	begging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	Dad	Dad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	caved	cave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cave in** | past | Dad |  |  |  | hour |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **buy** | past | Dad *not said here* | the ice cream |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cream=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He strode resolutely into the cave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cave:x8:1
# text = He strode resolutely into the cave.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	strode	stride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	resolutely	resolutely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stride** | past | He |  |  | the cave |  | resolutely *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into cave=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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