---
title: cell — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cell» in the school dictionary: A cell is the smallest living part of a plant or animal; all living things are made of cells. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cell

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cell, smallest living part, single unit, monk, We, Red blood cells · **What happens:** be, live, make, keep, look, carry · **To what, where:** smallest living part, living things, small room, prisoner, battery, electricity · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cell» in the school dictionary: its 6 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cell in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cell.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell is the smallest living part of a plant or animal; all living things are made of cells.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m1:1
# text = A cell is the smallest living part of a plant or animal; all living things are made of cells.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	smallest	small	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
6	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
14	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
15	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	amod	_	_
16	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cell | the smallest living part |  |  |  | of a plant or animal | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | present · passive | the smallest living part *not said here* | all living things |  |  |  | of cells | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell is a small room where a prisoner is kept.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m2:1
# text = A cell is a small room where a prisoner is kept.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	prisoner	prisoner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cell | a small room |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | present · passive |  | a prisoner |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell is a battery, a single unit that makes electricity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m3:1
# text = A cell is a battery, a single unit that makes electricity.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	battery	battery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	unit	unit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cell | a battery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a single unit | electricity |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset electricity=Product |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell is one small box in a table or spreadsheet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m4:1
# text = A cell is one small box in a table or spreadsheet.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	spreadsheet	spreadsheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cell | one small box |  | a table or spreadsheet |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell (cell phone, American) is a mobile phone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m5:1
# text = A cell (cell phone, American) is a mobile phone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	mobile	mobile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cell | a mobile phone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cell can also be a small room where a monk, nun or hermit lives alone.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:m6:1
# text = A cell can also be a small room where a monk, nun or hermit lives alone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	16	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	monk	monk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	nun	nun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	hermit	hermit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
17	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a cell | a small room |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | a monk and nun or hermit |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All living things are made of cells.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x1:1
# text = All living things are made of cells.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
2	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  | all living things |  |  |  | of cells | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We looked at onion cells under a microscope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x2:1
# text = We looked at onion cells under a microscope.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	onion	onion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | We |  |  |  |  | under a microscope; at onion cells | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at cell=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Red blood cells carry oxygen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x3:1
# text = Red blood cells carry oxygen.
1	Red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | Red blood cells | oxygen |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prisoner sat alone in his cell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x4:1
# text = The prisoner sat alone in his cell.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	prisoner	prisoner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the prisoner |  |  | prisoner's cell |  | alone *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in cell=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Add another cell to make the bulb brighter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x5:1
# text = Add another cell to make the bulb brighter.
1	Add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bulb	bulb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	brighter	bright	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* | another cell |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cell=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the bulb |  |  |  | bright *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bulb=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the total in the last cell of the table.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x6:1
# text = Write the total in the last cell of the table.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	total	total	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the total |  | the last cell of the table |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent total=Theme in cell=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bees store honey in wax cells.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x7:1
# text = Bees store honey in wax cells.
1	Bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	store	store	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **store** | present | Bees | honey |  | wax cells |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent honey=Theme in cell=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"But one thing more," said the Wise Woman, going back to her cell.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cell:x8:1
# text = "But one thing more," said the Wise Woman, going back to her cell.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	Woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
14	back	back	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Wise Woman |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **go back** | gerund | the Wise Woman *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to Woman's cell *result* | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to cell=Result |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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