---
title: cf — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cf» in the school dictionary: Short for the Latin word «confer», meaning «compare»; it tells the reader to look at another thing and compare it with this one. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cf

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Latin word, confer, Rabbit, text, I, dictionary · **What happens:** mean, compare, tell, look, be, say · **To what, where:** reader, smaller animal, cf, chapter, notes, compare · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cf» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cf in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cf.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal, writing — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Short for the Latin word «confer», meaning «compare»; it tells the reader to look at another thing and compare it with this one.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:m1:1
# text = Short for the Latin word «confer», meaning «compare»; it tells the reader to look at another thing and compare it with this one.
1	Short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	confer	confer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	compare	compare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	reader	reader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	iobj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
21	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	23	det	_	_
23	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	compare	compare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	conj	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	with	with	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	29	det	_	_
29	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | gerund | the Latin word *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **compare** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | confer |  | the reader |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent reader=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **look** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | confer *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at another thing | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at thing=Theme |
| 5 | **compare** | infinitive | confer *not said here* | reader |  |  |  | with this one | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient with one=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rabbit (cf. hare) is a smaller animal with shorter ears.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x1:1
# text = Rabbit (cf. hare) is a smaller animal with shorter ears.
1	Rabbit	rabbit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
5	hare	hare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	amod	_	_
13	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Rabbit | a smaller animal |  |  |  | with shorter ears | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The text says "cf. chapter 3" so I turned to chapter 3.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x2:1
# text = The text says "cf. chapter 3" so I turned to chapter 3.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
7	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the text | cf and chapter |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent cf=Topic |
| 2 | **turn** | past | I | chapter |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent chapter=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dictionary wrote "cf. affect" next to "effect".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x3:1
# text = The dictionary wrote "cf. affect" next to "effect".
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dictionary	dictionary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
7	affect	affect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
9	next	next	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the dictionary | cf and affect |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Agent cf=Recipient clause=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the notes it said: warm-blooded, cf. cold-blooded.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x4:1
# text = In the notes it said: warm-blooded, cf. cold-blooded.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	blooded	blooded	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
13	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	blooded	blooded	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | it |  |  | the notes |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in note=Manner |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cf. means "compare", not "see also" exactly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x5:1
# text = Cf. means "compare", not "see also" exactly.
1	Cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	compare	compare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	see	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	also	also	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	_
13	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Cf | compare |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **see** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | exactly *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher wrote "cf. last week's poem" on the board.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cf:x6:1
# text = The teacher wrote "cf. last week's poem" on the board.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
7	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the teacher | cf |  | the board |  | last week's poem *obl* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cf=Theme on board=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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