---
title: chad — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chad» in the school dictionary: Chad is a large country in north-central Africa; its capital is N'Djamena and much of the north is Sahara desert. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chad

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Chad, capital, much, you, Lake, cousin Chad · **What happens:** be, punch out, make, become, play, leave · **To what, where:** large country, north central Africa, N'Djamena, Sahara desert, name, tiny bit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chad» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chad in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chad.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chad is a large country in north-central Africa; its capital is N'Djamena and much of the north is Sahara desert.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:m1:1
# text = Chad is a large country in north-central Africa; its capital is N'Djamena and much of the north is Sahara desert.
1	Chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	north	north	ADV	RB	_	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	central	central	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	N'Djamena	N'Djamena	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
17	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	nsubj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
22	Sahara	Sahara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chad | a large country |  | north central Africa |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Chad's capital | N'Djamena and Sahara desert |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | much of the north | Sahara desert |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chad is a man's name (a name).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:m2:1
# text = Chad is a man's name (a name).
1	Chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chad | a man's name |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chad is the tiny bit of paper punched out when you make a hole in a card or ballot paper.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:m3:1
# text = A chad is the tiny bit of paper punched out when you make a hole in a card or ballot paper.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	punched	punch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	ballot	ballot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chad | the tiny bit |  |  |  | of paper | tree rules |
| 2 | **punch out** | participle |  | the tiny bit *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **make** | present | you | a hole |  | a card or ballot paper |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Product |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: slang, internet — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A «Chad» is a joke name for a confident, sporty, popular young man.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:m4:1
# text = A «Chad» is a joke name for a confident, sporty, popular young man.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	Chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
11	confident	confident	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	sporty	sporty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a Chad | a joke name |  |  |  | for a confident popular young man | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chad is a country in Africa with no coastline.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x1:1
# text = Chad is a country in Africa with no coastline.
1	Chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	9	det	_	_
9	coastline	coastline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chad | a country |  | Africa |  | with no coastline | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lake Chad has become much smaller.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x2:1
# text = Lake Chad has become much smaller.
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	Chad	Chad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	much	much	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · perfect | Lake |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin Chad plays rugby.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x3:1
# text = My cousin Chad plays rugby.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Chad	chad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	plays	play	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	rugby	rugby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | present | My cousin Chad | rugby |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rugby=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hole punch left little chads all over the desk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x4:1
# text = The hole punch left little chads all over the desk.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	punch	punch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	chads	chad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	all	all	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	desk	desk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the hole punch | little chads |  | the desk |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent chad=Theme over desk=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Online, some people call a show-off «a Chad».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x5:1
# text = Online, some people call a show-off «a Chad».
1	Online	online	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	show	show	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	off	off	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Chad	Chad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | some people | a show off |  |  |  | online *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent off=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found Chad on the map, south of Libya.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chad:x6:1
# text = We found Chad on the map, south of Libya.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Chad	Chad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Libya	Libya	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We | Chad |  | the map and south of Libya |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chad=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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