---
title: chafed — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chafed» in the school dictionary: To chafe is to rub the skin until it becomes sore or raw. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chafed

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**Who acts:** skin, crown, collar · **What happens:** be, become, chafe, irritate · **To what, where:** forehead, skin

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«chafed» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chafed in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chafed.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chafe is to rub the skin until it becomes sore or raw.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chafed:m1:1
# text = To chafe is to rub the skin until it becomes sore or raw.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chafe	chafe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	rub	rub	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
11	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | rub *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **become** | present | skin |  |  |  |  | sore *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To be chafed is to be annoyed or irritated by something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chafed:m2:1
# text = To be chafed is to be annoyed or irritated by something.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	chafed	chafe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
7	annoyed	annoyed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	irritated	irritate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chafe** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V» |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | annoyed *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **irritate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by something | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crown chafed her forehead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chafed:x1:1
# text = The crown chafed her forehead.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crown	crown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chafed	chafe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	forehead	forehead	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chafe** | past | the crown | her forehead |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer forehead=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The skin on the dog's neck was chafed and sore.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chafed:x2:1
# text = The skin on the dog's neck was chafed and sore.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	chafed	chafe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chafe** | past · passive |  | the skin on the dog's neck |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His collar chafed all day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chafed:x3:1
# text = His collar chafed all day.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	collar	collar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chafed	chafe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chafe** | past | His collar |  |  |  | day |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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