---
title: chaff — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chaff» in the school dictionary: The dry husks (outer cases) of grain such as wheat, separated from the seeds when farmers thresh it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chaff

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** dry husks, you, Something, Friendly teasing, farmer, wind · **What happens:** separate, thresh, cut, use, mean, keep · **To what, where:** wheat, hay, straw, good, someone, them · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chaff» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chaff in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chaff.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dry husks (outer cases) of grain such as wheat, separated from the seeds when farmers thresh it.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:m1:1
# text = The dry husks (outer cases) of grain such as wheat, separated from the seeds when farmers thresh it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	husks	husk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	separated	separate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	advcl	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
19	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
20	thresh	thresh	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **separate** | participle | the dry husks of grain such wheat *not said here* |  |  |  |  | from the seeds | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient from seed=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **thresh** | present | the dry husks of grain such wheat | wheat |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cut hay or straw used as animal food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:m2:1
# text = Cut hay or straw used as animal food.
1	Cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	hay	hay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	straw	straw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | imperative | you *not said here* | hay or straw |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hay=Product |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | straw *not said here* |  |  |  | as animal food | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something useless or worthless: «separate the wheat from the chaff» means keep the good and throw out the bad.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:m3:1
# text = Something useless or worthless: «separate the wheat from the chaff» means keep the good and throw out the bad.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	nsubj	_	_
2	useless	useless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	worthless	worthless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	separate	separate	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
14	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	ccomp	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	obj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	throw	throw	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	_
20	out	out	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **separate** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the wheat |  |  |  | from the chaff | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent wheat=Patient from chaff=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Something |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **keep** | infinitive |  | the good |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent good=Theme |
| 4 | **throw out** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | bad *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Friendly teasing; to chaff someone means to tease them in fun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:m4:1
# text = Friendly teasing; to chaff someone means to tease them in fun.
1	Friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	teasing	teasing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	chaff	chaff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	tease	tease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	fun	fun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chaff** | to-infinitive | Friendly teasing *not said here* | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Friendly teasing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **tease** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Friendly teasing *not said here* | them *= they* |  | fun |  |  | vn bully-59.5 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer threw the grain into the air and the wind blew the chaff away.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x1:1
# text = The farmer threw the grain into the air and the wind blew the chaff away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	away	away	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | past | the farmer | the grain |  |  |  | into the air *result* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer grain=Theme into air=Result |
| 2 | **blow away** | past | the wind | the chaff |  |  |  | away *property* | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent chaff=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Horses eat chaff mixed with oats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x2:1
# text = Horses eat chaff mixed with oats.
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	oats	oat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | Horses | chaff |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chaff=Patient |
| 2 | **mix** | participle |  | chaff *not said here* |  |  |  | with oats | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with oat=Co-Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We must sort the wheat from the chaff in these ideas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x3:1
# text = We must sort the wheat from the chaff in these ideas.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	sort	sort	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sort** | must | We | the wheat |  | the chaff |  | in this ideas *goal* | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent wheat=Theme in idea=Goal |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The psalm says the wicked are like chaff that the wind blows away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x4:1
# text = The psalm says the wicked are like chaff that the wind blows away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	psalm	psalm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	blows	blow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
13	away	away	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the psalm |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | like the wicked chaff | tree rules |
| 3 | **blow away** | present | the wind |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The older boys chaffed him about his new hat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x5:1
# text = The older boys chaffed him about his new hat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	chaffed	chaff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chaff** | past | the older boys | him *= he* |  |  |  | about his new hat | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chaff from the threshing machine covered the barn floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x6:1
# text = Chaff from the threshing machine covered the barn floor.
1	Chaff	chaff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	threshing	threshing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | Chaff from the threshing machine | the barn floor |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme floor=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Consequently, not knowing what had happened, he and the vizier's son walked away, the vizier's son chaffing him because he had missed the bird.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chaff:x7:1
# text = Consequently, not knowing what had happened, he and the vizier's son walked away, the vizier's son chaffing him because he had missed the bird.
1	Consequently	consequently	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	knowing	know	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
5	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	happened	happen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	vizier	vizier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	's	PART	POS	_	12	case	_	_
14	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
15	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	away	away	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	vizier	vizier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	's	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	chaffing	chaff	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
23	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
25	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	missed	miss	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **know** | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  | consequently *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **happen** | past · perfect |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **walk away** | past | he |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn resign-10.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **chaff** | gerund | the vizier's son | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **miss** | past · perfect | son | the bird |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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