---
title: chalky — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chalky» in the school dictionary: Containing chalk or made of chalk, as in «chalky soil» or «chalky cliffs». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chalky

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Containing, White Cliffs, hands, face, plants, medicine · **What happens:** contain, make, be, draw, go, see · **To what, where:** chalk, pavement, spider, chalky soil, white marks, kettle

<!-- .vabout -->
«chalky» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chalky in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chalky.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Containing chalk or made of chalk, as in «chalky soil» or «chalky cliffs».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:m1:1
# text = Containing chalk or made of chalk, as in «chalky soil» or «chalky cliffs».
1	Containing	contain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	csubj:pass	_	_
2	chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	cliffs	cliff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | gerund |  | chalk |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot chalk=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | participle | Containing |  |  |  |  | of chalk; as chalky soil or chalky cliffs | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
White and pale like chalk, as in «a chalky face».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:m2:1
# text = White and pale like chalk, as in «a chalky face».
1	White	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	pale	pale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dry and powdery, as in «chalky tablets».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:m3:1
# text = Dry and powdery, as in «chalky tablets».
1	Dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	powdery	powdery	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tablets	tablet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The White Cliffs of Dover are chalky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x1:1
# text = The White Cliffs of Dover are chalky.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	White	White	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Cliffs	Cliff	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Dover	Dover	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the White Cliffs of Dover |  |  |  |  | chalky *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After drawing on the pavement, my hands were chalky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x2:1
# text = After drawing on the pavement, my hands were chalky.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	drawing	draw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | gerund | my hands *not said here* |  |  | the pavement |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on pavement=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | past | my hands |  |  |  |  | chalky *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His face went chalky white when he saw the spider.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x3:1
# text = His face went chalky white when he saw the spider.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	spider	spider	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | His face |  |  |  |  | white *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | past | face | the spider |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer spider=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some plants grow well in chalky soil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x4:1
# text = Some plants grow well in chalky soil.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | some plants |  |  | chalky soil |  | well *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in soil=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The medicine tasted dry and chalky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x5:1
# text = The medicine tasted dry and chalky.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tasted	taste	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | past | the medicine |  |  |  |  | dry *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chalky water leaves white marks on the kettle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chalky:x6:1
# text = Chalky water leaves white marks on the kettle.
1	Chalky	chalky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	leaves	leave	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kettle	kettle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present | Chalky water | white marks |  | the kettle |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent mark=Theme on kettle=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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