---
title: challenge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «challenge» in the school dictionary: A challenge is a hard task or contest that tests how good or strong you are. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# challenge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** challenge, that, you, I, it, reading challenge · **What happens:** be, test, challenge, do, finish, find · **To what, where:** hard task, someone, you, something, 100 books, 20 push ups · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«challenge» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [challenge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/challenge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A challenge is a hard task or contest that tests how good or strong you are.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:m1:1
# text = A challenge is a hard task or contest that tests how good or strong you are.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	task	task	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	contest	contest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	tests	test	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
11	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
12	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	ccomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a challenge | a hard task or contest |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **test** | present | that |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To challenge someone is to invite them to a contest: «I challenge you to a race».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:m2:1
# text = To challenge someone is to invite them to a contest: «I challenge you to a race».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	challenge	challenge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	invite	invite	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	contest	contest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	challenge	challenge	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **challenge** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | to a contest; invite *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **challenge** *in a quote* | present | I | you |  |  |  | to a race | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To challenge something is to question whether it is right or true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:m3:1
# text = To challenge something is to question whether it is right or true.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	challenge	challenge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	question	question	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **challenge** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** *speech: other* | present |  |  |  |  |  | question *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The reading challenge is 100 books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x1:1
# text = The reading challenge is 100 books.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the reading challenge | 100 books |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She did 20 push-ups in the challenge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x2:1
# text = She did 20 push-ups in the challenge.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
4	push	push	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	ups	up	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | She | 20 push ups |  | the challenge |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent up=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many more to finish the challenge?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x3:1
# text = How many more to finish the challenge?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	finish	finish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **finish** | to-infinitive |  | the challenge |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality challenge=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Challenge: find the missing number.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x4:1
# text = Challenge: find the missing number.
1	Challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
3	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | infinitive | Challenge | the missing number |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Learning to swim was a big challenge for him.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x5:1
# text = Learning to swim was a big challenge for him.
1	Learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **swim** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | past | Learning | a big challenge |  |  |  | for him *= he* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I challenge you to a race to the tree!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x6:1
# text = I challenge you to a race to the tree!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	challenge	challenge	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **challenge** | present | I | you |  |  |  | to a race to the tree | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She rose to the challenge and won.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x7:1
# text = She rose to the challenge and won.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | past | She |  |  | the challenge |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to challenge=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **win** | past | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's OK to challenge an idea if you have a reason.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x8:1
# text = It's OK to challenge an idea if you have a reason.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	OK	ok	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	challenge	challenge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | ok *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **challenge** | to-infinitive |  | a idea |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you | a reason |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puzzle was very challenging.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x9:1
# text = The puzzle was very challenging.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	challenging	challenging	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the puzzle |  |  |  |  | challenging *property* | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Online «challenges» that are dangerous should never be tried.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x10:1
# text = Online «challenges» that are dangerous should never be tried.
1	Online	online	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	challenges	challenge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
9	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	tried	try	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Online challenges |  |  |  |  | dangerous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **try** | should · passive |  | Online challenges |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The giantess was delighted, and challenged him to wrestle with her.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenge:x11:1
# text = The giantess was delighted, and challenged him to wrestle with her.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	giantess	giantess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	delighted	delighted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	challenged	challenge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	wrestle	wrestle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the giantess |  |  |  |  | delighted *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **challenge** | past | the giantess *not said here* | giantess |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **wrestle** | to-infinitive | the giantess *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with her *= she* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with she=Co-Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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