---
title: challenger — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «challenger» in the school dictionary: A person or team that tries to beat the champion or winner in a competition. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# challenger

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, young challenger, She, challenger, referee · **What happens:** try, beat, question, be, enter, train · **To what, where:** champion, new challenger, challenger, strong challenger, more votes, election

<!-- .vabout -->
«challenger» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [challenger in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/challenger.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person or team that tries to beat the champion or winner in a competition.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:m1:1
# text = A person or team that tries to beat the champion or winner in a competition.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	tries	try	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	beat	beat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	champion	champion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	winner	winner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	competition	competition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | present | a person or team |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **beat** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a person or team *not said here* | the champion or winner in a competition |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location champion=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who questions whether something is right or true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:m2:1
# text = A person who questions whether something is right or true.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **question** *speech: other* |  | a person |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | a person |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The young challenger beat the champion in the final.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x1:1
# text = The young challenger beat the champion in the final.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	beat	beat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	champion	champion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	final	final	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat** | past | the young challenger | the champion |  |  |  | in the final | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent champion=Patient in final=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A new challenger has entered the chess club.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x2:1
# text = A new challenger has entered the chess club.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	entered	enter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	chess	chess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enter** | present · perfect · passive |  | a new challenger |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The challenger trained hard for the boxing match.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x3:1
# text = The challenger trained hard for the boxing match.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	trained	train	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	boxing	boxing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **train** | participle |  | the challenger *not said here* |  |  |  | for the boxing match; hard *property* | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was a strong challenger for the title.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x4:1
# text = She was a strong challenger for the title.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	title	title	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | She | a strong challenger |  |  |  | for the title | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the election, the challenger won more votes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x5:1
# text = In the election, the challenger won more votes.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	election	election	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	votes	vote	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | the challenger | more votes |  | the election |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vote=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every challenger must pass three tests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x6:1
# text = Every challenger must pass three tests.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | must | every challenger | three tests |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme test=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The challenger questioned the referee's decision.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:challenger:x7:1
# text = The challenger questioned the referee's decision.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	challenger	challenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	questioned	question	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	decision	decision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **question** *speech: other* | past | the challenger | the referee's decision |  |  |  |  | vn interrogate-37.1.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent decision=Recipient |
| 2 | **decide** |  | the referee |  |  |  |  |  | nom decision «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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