---
title: chanting — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chanting» in the school dictionary: Singing or saying words over and over on one or a few notes, often in religious worship. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chanting

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** crowd, monks, player, We, Buddhist monks, Protesters · **What happens:** sing, say, shout, learn, chant, keep · **To what, where:** religious worship, words, same words, football match, something, rhythm · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chanting» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chanting in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chanting.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Singing or saying words over and over on one or a few notes, often in religious worship.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:m1:1
# text = Singing or saying words over and over on one or a few notes, often in religious worship.
1	Singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	over	over	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	over	over	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	worship	worship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund |  |  |  | religious worship |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in worship=Location |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | words |  |  |  | on one or a few notes; over *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent word=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crowd shouting the same words again and again, at a football match or protest.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:m2:1
# text = A crowd shouting the same words again and again, at a football match or protest.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	again	again	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	protest	protest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | gerund | a crowd *not said here* | the same words |  | a football match or protest | again |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: school — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying something together in rhythm to learn it, like times tables.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:m3:1
# text = Saying something together in rhythm to learn it, like times tables.
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	together	together	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	rhythm	rhythm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	compound	_	_
12	tables	table	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | something |  | rhythm |  | together *property* | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent something=Theme in rhythm=Manner |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive |  | rhythm |  |  |  | like times tables | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The monks were chanting in the old abbey.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x1:1
# text = The monks were chanting in the old abbey.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	chanting	chant	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	abbey	abbey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chant** | past · progressive | the monks |  |  | the old abbey |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crowd kept chanting the player's name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x2:1
# text = The crowd kept chanting the player's name.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	chanting	chant	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | the crowd |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **chant** | gerund | the crowd *not said here* | the player's name |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Topic |
| 3 | **name** |  | the player |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned the times tables by chanting them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x3:1
# text = We learned the times tables by chanting them.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	compound	_	_
5	tables	table	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	chanting	chant	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We | times tables |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Topic |
| 2 | **chant** | gerund | We *not said here* | tables *= table* |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buddhist monks start the day with chanting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x4:1
# text = Buddhist monks start the day with chanting.
1	Buddhist	buddhist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	start	start	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	chanting	chanting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | present | Buddhist monks |  |  |  | day | with chanting | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with chanting=Subeventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Protesters were chanting «Save our park!»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x5:1
# text = Protesters were chanting «Save our park!»
1	Protesters	protester	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	chanting	chant	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chant** | past · progressive | Protesters |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **save** *in a quote* | infinitive | Protesters *not said here* | our park |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent park=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soft chanting came from the temple.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x6:1
# text = Soft chanting came from the temple.
1	Soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	chanting	chanting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Soft chanting |  |  | the temple |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from temple=Initial\_Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The funeral pyre was then lighted, and the voices of the Muses were heard chanting his funeral dirge.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chanting:x7:1
# text = The funeral pyre was then lighted, and the voices of the Muses were heard chanting his funeral dirge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	funeral	funeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	pyre	pyre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
6	lighted	light	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	voices	voice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Muses	muse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
16	chanting	chant	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	xcomp	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	funeral	funeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	dirge	dirge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | past · passive |  | the funeral pyre |  |  | then |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **hear** | past · passive |  | the voices of the Muses |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **chant** | gerund | the voices of the Muses *not said here* | his funeral dirge |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dirge=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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