---
title: chap — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chap» in the school dictionary: A chap is a man or boy, a fellow. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chap

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** chap, Chaps, Mr, friendly chap, Grandpa, you · **What happens:** be, wear, chap, become, crack, run · **To what, where:** man, leather leg coverings, trousers, door, short way, friendly chap · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chap» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chap in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chap.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, informal, a bit old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chap is a man or boy, a fellow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:m1:1
# text = A chap is a man or boy, a fellow.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fellow	fellow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chap | a man or boy and a fellow |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chaps are leather leg coverings worn by cowboys over their trousers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:m2:1
# text = Chaps are leather leg coverings worn by cowboys over their trousers.
1	Chaps	chap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	leather	leather	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	coverings	covering	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cowboys	cowboy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	trousers	trousers	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chaps | leather leg coverings |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **wear** | participle |  | leather leg coverings *not said here* |  | Chaps's trousers |  | by cowboys | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chap is for skin or lips to become dry, rough and cracked, usually from cold or wind.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:m3:1
# text = To chap is for skin or lips to become dry, rough and cracked, usually from cold or wind.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chap	chap	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
10	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	cracked	crack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chap** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | for skin or lips | tree rules |
| 3 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | dry *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **crack** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Scotland, Northern Ireland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chap is to knock on a door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:m4:1
# text = To chap is to knock on a door.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chap	chap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	knock	knock	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chap** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | a door |  | knock *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old books, chap is a short way of writing chapter, such as "chap. vii" for chapter seven.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:m5:1
# text = In old books, chap is a short way of writing chapter, such as "chap. vii" for chapter seven.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
19	vii	vii	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
23	seven	seven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | old books's chap | a short way |  |  |  | of writing chapter | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mr Davies is a friendly chap who runs the corner shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x1:1
# text = Mr Davies is a friendly chap who runs the corner shop.
1	Mr	Mr	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Davies	Davies	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	corner	corner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Mr | a friendly chap |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | present | a friendly chap | the corner shop |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme shop=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Well done, old chap!» said Grandpa.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x2:1
# text = «Well done, old chap!» said Grandpa.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
3	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** *in a quote* | participle |  | old chap |  |  |  | well *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: express* | past | Grandpa |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My lips are chapped from the cold wind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x3:1
# text = My lips are chapped from the cold wind.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	chapped	chap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chap** | present · passive |  | My lips |  | the cold wind |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use hand cream so your hands don't chap.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x4:1
# text = Use hand cream so your hands don't chap.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	chap	chap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | hand cream |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cream=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **chap** | present · do-support | your hands |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cowboy pulled on his leather chaps.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x5:1
# text = The cowboy pulled on his leather chaps.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cowboy	cowboy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	chaps	chap	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | past | the cowboy |  |  |  |  |  | vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **chap** | present | cowboy's leather |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(Scotland) Chap the door and see if he's in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x6:1
# text = (Scotland) Chap the door and see if he's in.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Chap	chap	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	in	in	ADV	RB	_	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chap** | present | Scotland | the door |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | infinitive | Scotland *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | Scotland |  |  |  |  | in *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The little chap has saved our lives now.”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chap:x7:1
# text = The little chap has saved our lives now.”
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	chap	chap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	saved	save	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **save** | present · perfect · passive |  | the little chap |  |  | now |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary life=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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