---
title: chauffeur — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chauffeur» in the school dictionary: A chauffeur is a person whose job is driving someone else's car, often for a rich or important person. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chauffeur

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** chauffeur, job, driven car, Mum, Dad, rich families · **What happens:** be, drive, chauffeur, open, take, say · **To what, where:** person, car, someone, car door, actors, film premiere · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chauffeur» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chauffeur in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chauffeur.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chauffeur is a person whose job is driving someone else's car, often for a rich or important person.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:m1:1
# text = A chauffeur is a person whose job is driving someone else's car, often for a rich or important person.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	nmod:poss	_	_
11	else	else	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
13	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
18	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	important	important	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	conj	_	_
21	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chauffeur | a person and a rich person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **drive** | present · progressive | job | someone's car |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme car=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chauffeur someone is to drive them around, often as a job or a favour.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:m2:1
# text = To chauffeur someone is to drive them around, often as a job or a favour.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chauffeur	chauffeur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	drive	drive	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	around	around	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	favour	favour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chauffeur** | to-infinitive |  |  | someone |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | around, drive *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chauffeur opened the car door for the queen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x1:1
# text = The chauffeur opened the car door for the queen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the chauffeur | the car door |  |  |  | for the queen | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location door=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chauffeur-driven car took the actors to the film premiere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x2:1
# text = A chauffeur-driven car took the actors to the film premiere.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	actors	actor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	premiere	premiere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **take** | past | a driven car | the actors |  | the film premiere |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent actor=Theme to premiere=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum says she's our chauffeur because she drives us everywhere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x3:1
# text = Mum says she's our chauffeur because she drives us everywhere.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	ccomp	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	drives	drive	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
10	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Mum | our chauffeur |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **drive** | present | Mum | us |  |  |  | everywhere *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad chauffeured us to football, then to swimming, then to Grandma's.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x4:1
# text = Dad chauffeured us to football, then to swimming, then to Grandma's.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	chauffeured	chauffeur	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	swimming	swimming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	13	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Grandma	Grandma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	's	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chauffeur** | past | Dad | us | Grandma |  |  | to football; to swimming | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chauffeur wore a cap and white gloves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x5:1
# text = The chauffeur wore a cap and white gloves.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cap	cap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	gloves	glove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the chauffeur | a cap and white gloves |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent cap=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old films, rich families had a chauffeur and a butler.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x6:1
# text = In old films, rich families had a chauffeur and a butler.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	films	film	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	butler	butler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | rich families | a chauffeur and a butler |  | old films |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chauffeur=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle works as a chauffeur for a hotel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chauffeur:x7:1
# text = My uncle works as a chauffeur for a hotel.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hotel	hotel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | My uncle |  |  |  |  | as a chauffeur for a hotel | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.attribute PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent as chauffeur=Attribute |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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