---
title: cheating — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cheating» in the school dictionary: Cheating is acting dishonestly to win or get an advantage: breaking the rules of a game or test. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cheating

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Cheating, game, I, Copying, She, Looking · **What happens:** act, win, get, break, rule, cheat · **To what, where:** advantage, rules, someone, them, something, partner · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cheating» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cheating in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cheating.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating is acting dishonestly to win or get an advantage: breaking the rules of a game or test.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:m1:1
# text = Cheating is acting dishonestly to win or get an advantage: breaking the rules of a game or test.
1	Cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	acting	act	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	dishonestly	dishonestly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	win	win	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	advantage	advantage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present · progressive | Cheating |  |  |  |  | dishonestly *property* | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **win** | to-infinitive | Cheating *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **get** | infinitive | Cheating *not said here* | a advantage |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer advantage=Stimulus |
| 4 | **break** | gerund | Cheating *not said here* | the rules of a game or test |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |
| 5 | **rule** |  | a game or test |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating someone is tricking them to take something from them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:m2:1
# text = Cheating someone is tricking them to take something from them.
1	Cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	tricking	trick	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheat** | gerund |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Source |
| 2 | **trick** | present · progressive | Cheating | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 3 | **take** | to-infinitive | Cheating *not said here* | something |  |  |  | from them *= they* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent something=Theme from they=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating on a partner means being unfaithful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:m3:1
# text = Cheating on a partner means being unfaithful.
1	Cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	partner	partner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
7	unfaithful	unfaithful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheat** | gerund |  |  |  | a partner |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Cheating |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *not said to happen* | gerund | Cheating *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unfaithful *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No cheating — close your eyes while I hide!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x1:1
# text = No cheating — close your eyes while I hide!
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
4	close	close	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	hide	hide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | infinitive |  | your eyes |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient |
| 2 | **hide** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copying answers is cheating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x2:1
# text = Copying answers is cheating.
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	answers	answer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | gerund |  | answers |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme |
| 2 | **cheat** | present · progressive | Copying |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was caught cheating at cards.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x3:1
# text = He was caught cheating at cards.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cards	card	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **cheat** | gerund |  |  |  | cards |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating is unfair to the other players.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x4:1
# text = Cheating is unfair to the other players.
1	Cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Cheating |  |  |  |  | to the other players; unfair *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She lost because she wouldn't cheat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x5:1
# text = She lost because she wouldn't cheat.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	cheat	cheat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **cheat** | would | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Looking at someone's paper during a test is cheating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x6:1
# text = Looking at someone's paper during a test is cheating.
1	Looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	csubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	during	during	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  | during a test | at someone's paper | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at paper=Theme |
| 2 | **cheat** | present · progressive | Looking |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shopkeeper was cheating customers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x7:1
# text = The shopkeeper was cheating customers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shopkeeper	shopkeeper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	customers	customer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheat** | past · progressive | the shopkeeper | customers |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent customer=Source |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating at a game spoils it for everyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x8:1
# text = Cheating at a game spoils it for everyone.
1	Cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	spoils	spoil	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheat** | gerund |  |  |  | a game |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spoil** | present | Cheating | game |  |  |  | for everyone | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"But, Uncle Remus," said the little boy, dolefully, "that was cheating."

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cheating:x9:1
# text = "But, Uncle Remus," said the little boy, dolefully, "that was cheating."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	Uncle	Uncle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Remus	Remus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	dolefully	dolefully	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Uncle Remus | the little boy |  |  |  | dolefully *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent boy=Topic |
| 2 | **cheat** *in a quote* | past · progressive | that |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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