---
title: chemical — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chemical» in the school dictionary: A chemical is a substance, especially one made or used in science or industry, such as bleach, salt or oxygen. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chemical

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** chemical, one, Chemical adjective, substances, Bleach, you · **What happens:** be, make, use, mean, do, change · **To what, where:** substance, science, strong chemical, Bleach, chemicals, poisonous gas · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chemical» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chemical in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chemical.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chemical is a substance, especially one made or used in science or industry, such as bleach, salt or oxygen.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:m1:1
# text = A chemical is a substance, especially one made or used in science or industry, such as bleach, salt or oxygen.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chemical	chemical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	substance	substance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nsubj	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	industry	industry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	19	case	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	bleach	bleach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chemical | a substance |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle | one | a substance *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset substance=Product |
| 3 | **use** | participle | one *not said here* |  |  | science or industry and bleach and salt or oxygen |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chemical as an adjective means to do with chemistry or with how substances change: a chemical reaction.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:m2:1
# text = Chemical as an adjective means to do with chemistry or with how substances change: a chemical reaction.
1	Chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	chemistry	chemistry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
13	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	reaction	reaction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | a Chemical adjective |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with chemistry | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **change** | present | substances |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bleach is a strong chemical, so don't touch it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x1:1
# text = Bleach is a strong chemical, so don't touch it.
1	Bleach	bleach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	chemical	chemical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	touch	touch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Bleach | a strong chemical |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **touch** | infinitive · do-support |  | Bleach |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never mix cleaning chemicals; they can make poisonous gas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x2:1
# text = Never mix cleaning chemicals; they can make poisonous gas.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	mix	mix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cleaning	clean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
9	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mix** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **clean** | gerund | you *not said here* | chemicals |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent chemical=Patient |
| 3 | **make** | can | chemicals *= chemical* | poisonous gas |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset gas=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rust is caused by a chemical reaction between iron, water and air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x3:1
# text = Rust is caused by a chemical reaction between iron, water and air.
1	Rust	rust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reaction	reaction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	between	between	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a chemical reaction between iron and water and air | Rust |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water is a chemical made of hydrogen and oxygen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x4:1
# text = Water is a chemical made of hydrogen and oxygen.
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	chemical	chemical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	hydrogen	hydrogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Water | a chemical |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a chemical *not said here* |  |  |  | of hydrogen and oxygen | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep chemicals in their own bottles with labels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x5:1
# text = Keep chemicals in their own bottles with labels.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bottles	bottle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	labels	label	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | chemicals |  | chemicals's own bottles |  | with labels | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent chemical=Theme in bottle=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Baking a cake causes chemical changes in the mixture.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x6:1
# text = Baking a cake causes chemical changes in the mixture.
1	Baking	bake	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	changes	change	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	mixture	mixture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bake** | gerund |  | a cake |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cake=Product |
| 2 | **cause** | present | Baking | chemical changes |  | the mixture |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition change=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scientist wore goggles when she used the chemicals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x7:1
# text = The scientist wore goggles when she used the chemicals.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	goggles	goggle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the scientist | goggles |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent goggle=Source |
| 2 | **use** | past | scientist | the chemicals |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chemical=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill pests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x8:1
# text = Some farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill pests.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spray	spray	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	pests	pest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spray** | present | some farmers | chemicals |  | crops |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent chemical=Theme on crop=Destination |
| 2 | **kill** | to-infinitive | some farmers *not said here* | pests |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pest=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Now, one day Edmund made a new lantern out of something chemical that he sneaked from the school laboratory.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chemical:x9:1
# text = Now, one day Edmund made a new lantern out of something chemical that he sneaked from the school laboratory.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	Edmund	Edmund	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	lantern	lantern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	compound	_	_
13	chemical	chemical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	obj	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	sneaked	sneak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	laboratory	laboratory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | one day | a new lantern |  | something chemical | now |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset lantern=Product |
| 2 | **sneak** | past | Edmund | something chemical |  | the school laboratory |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent that=Theme from laboratory=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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