---
title: chestnut — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chestnut» in the school dictionary: A chestnut is a shiny reddish-brown nut that grows inside a prickly case on a chestnut tree; sweet chestnuts can be roasted and eaten. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chestnut

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** chestnut, shiny brown nut, old chestnut, We, Roasted chestnuts, She · **What happens:** be, grow, roast, eat, tell, collect · **To what, where:** shiny brown nut, prickly case, sweet chestnuts, tree, brown colour, joke · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chestnut» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chestnut in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chestnut.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chestnut is a shiny reddish-brown nut that grows inside a prickly case on a chestnut tree; sweet chestnuts can be roasted and eaten.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:m1:1
# text = A chestnut is a shiny reddish-brown nut that grows inside a prickly case on a chestnut tree; sweet chestnuts can be roasted and eaten.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	nut	nut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	prickly	prickly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
21	sweet	sweet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	chestnuts	chestnut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	roasted	roast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	parataxis	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chestnut | a shiny brown nut |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | a shiny brown nut |  |  | a prickly case |  | on a chestnut tree | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme inside case=Location |
| 3 | **roast** | can · passive |  | sweet chestnuts |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **eat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chestnut is also the tree itself.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:m2:1
# text = A chestnut is also the tree itself.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes	6	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chestnut | the tree |  |  |  | chestnut *nmod:unmarked* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chestnut is a reddish-brown colour, often of hair or a horse.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:m3:1
# text = Chestnut is a reddish-brown colour, often of hair or a horse.
1	Chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	often	often	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chestnut | a brown colour |  |  |  | of hair or a horse | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«An old chestnut» is a joke or story that has been told too many times.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:m4:1
# text = «An old chestnut» is a joke or story that has been told too many times.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	parataxis	_	_
15	too	too	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a old chestnut | a joke or story |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · perfect · passive |  | that |  |  | time |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We collected shiny chestnuts in the park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x1:1
# text = We collected shiny chestnuts in the park.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chestnuts	chestnut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | past | We | shiny chestnuts |  | the park |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chestnut=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chestnut case was covered in sharp spikes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x2:1
# text = The chestnut case was covered in sharp spikes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	spikes	spike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the chestnut case |  |  |  | in sharp spikes | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in spike=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Roasted chestnuts smell wonderful in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x3:1
# text = Roasted chestnuts smell wonderful in winter.
1	Roasted	roast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	chestnuts	chestnut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	smell	smell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wonderful	wonderful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **smell** | present | Roasted chestnuts |  |  |  | winter | wonderful *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has long chestnut hair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x4:1
# text = She has long chestnut hair.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	chestnut	chestnut	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | long chestnut hair |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hair=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer rode a chestnut horse.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x5:1
# text = The farmer rode a chestnut horse.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride** | past | the farmer | a chestnut horse |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A huge chestnut tree shades the playground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x6:1
# text = A huge chestnut tree shades the playground.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	shades	shade	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shade** | present | a huge chestnut tree | the playground |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent playground=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't eat horse chestnuts; they can make you sick.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x7:1
# text = Don't eat horse chestnuts; they can make you sick.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	eat	eat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	chestnuts	chestnut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	sick	sick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **eat** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | horse chestnuts |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chestnut=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | can | chestnuts *= chestnut* | you |  |  |  | sick *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa told that old chestnut about the talking dog again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x8:1
# text = Grandpa told that old chestnut about the talking dog again.
1	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	iobj	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	talking	talking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
10	again	again	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | Grandpa |  | old chestnut |  | again | about the talking dog | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent chestnut=Recipient about dog=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is like entering a grove of chestnut and walnut-trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chestnut:x9:1
# text = It is like entering a grove of chestnut and walnut-trees.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	like	like	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	entering	enter	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	grove	grove	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	chestnut	chestnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	walnut	walnut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enter** | present · progressive | It | a grove of chestnut and walnut trees |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme grove=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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