---
title: chew — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chew» in the school dictionary: To chew is to break up food in your mouth with your teeth before you swallow it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chew

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, chew, puppy, Cows, me, he · **What happens:** chew, be, swallow, chew over, close, put · **To what, where:** mouth, food, chewy sweet, something, slipper, grass · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chew» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chew in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chew.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chew is to break up food in your mouth with your teeth before you swallow it.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:m1:1
# text = To chew is to break up food in your mouth with your teeth before you swallow it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	swallow	swallow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | your mouth with your teeth |  | break *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **swallow** | present | you | food |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chew on something is to bite it again and again, like a dog with a bone.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:m2:1
# text = To chew on something is to bite it again and again, like a dog with a bone.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	bite	bite	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	again	again	ADV	RB	_	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | on something | vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent on something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | again | bite *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chew is a chewy sweet or a treat for a dog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:m3:1
# text = A chew is a chewy sweet or a treat for a dog.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chew	chew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	chewy	chewy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sweet	sweet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	treat	treat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chew | a chewy sweet or a treat for a dog |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To chew something over is to think about it carefully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:m4:1
# text = To chew something over is to think about it carefully.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	over	over	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	think	think	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	_
10	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew over** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | over *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | about it; carefully, think *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chew your food properly before you swallow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x1:1
# text = Chew your food properly before you swallow.
1	Chew	chew	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	swallow	swallow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | imperative | you *not said here* | your food |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 2 | **swallow** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please chew with your mouth closed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x2:1
# text = Please chew with your mouth closed.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	chew	chew	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with your mouth | tree rules |
| 2 | **close** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puppy chewed my slipper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x3:1
# text = The puppy chewed my slipper.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chewed	chew	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	slipper	slipper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | past | the puppy | my slipper |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slipper=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cows chew grass for hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x4:1
# text = Cows chew grass for hours.
1	Cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	chew	chew	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | present | Cows | grass |  |  | hour |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grass=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put your chewing gum in the bin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x5:1
# text = Put your chewing gum in the bin.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	chewing	chewing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	gum	gum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bin	bin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | your chewing gum |  | the bin |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent gum=Theme in bin=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let me chew it over and tell you tomorrow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x6:1
# text = Let me chew it over and tell you tomorrow.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
9	tomorrow	tomorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **chew over** | infinitive | me *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive | you *not said here* |  | you |  | tomorrow |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't bite off more than you can chew.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x7:1
# text = Don't bite off more than you can chew.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	bite	bite	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	off	off	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	obj	_	_
6	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **bite off** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | more |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Patient |
| 2 | **chew** | can | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After tasting it, he chewed it well, closed his eyes, and swallowed it.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chew:x8:1
# text = After tasting it, he chewed it well, closed his eyes, and swallowed it.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	tasting	taste	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	chewed	chew	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | gerund | he *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Theme it=Attribute |
| 2 | **chew** | past | he | it |  |  |  | well *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 3 | **close** | participle |  | his eyes |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient |
| 4 | **swallow** | past | he *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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