---
title: chewing — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chewing» in the school dictionary: Chewing means crushing food with your teeth to make it soft enough to swallow. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chewing

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Chewing, dog, child, you, puppy, He · **What happens:** mean, crush, make, swallow, chew, bite · **To what, where:** food, something, bone, pencil, gum, slipper

<!-- .vabout -->
«chewing» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chewing in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chewing.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chewing means crushing food with your teeth to make it soft enough to swallow.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:m1:1
# text = Chewing means crushing food with your teeth to make it soft enough to swallow.
1	Chewing	chewing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	crushing	crush	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
12	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	swallow	swallow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Chewing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **crush** *not said to happen* | gerund | Chewing *not said here* | food |  |  |  | with your teeth | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent food=Patient with tooth=Instrument |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive | Chewing *not said here* | food |  |  |  | soft *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 4 | **swallow** | to-infinitive | Chewing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chewing also means biting on something again and again, like a dog chewing a bone or a child chewing a pencil.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:m2:1
# text = Chewing also means biting on something again and again, like a dog chewing a bone or a child chewing a pencil.
1	Chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	nsubj	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	biting	bite	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obl	_	_
7	again	again	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
20	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **bite** *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  | something | again |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent on something=Location |
| 4 | **chew** | gerund | a dog | a bone or a child |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient |
| 5 | **chew** | gerund | a child *not said here* | a pencil |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chewing can also mean chewing something such as tobacco or gum that you do not swallow.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:m3:1
# text = Chewing can also mean chewing something such as tobacco or gum that you do not swallow.
1	Chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	tobacco	tobacco	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	gum	gum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
16	swallow	swallow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **chew** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | such tobacco or gum | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **swallow** | present · do-support | you | gum *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gum=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep chewing until the food is soft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x1:1
# text = Keep chewing until the food is soft.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
3	until	until	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund |  |  |  |  | until the food |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | chewing |  |  |  |  | soft *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please stop chewing with your mouth open.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x2:1
# text = Please stop chewing with your mouth open.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with your mouth; open *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puppy is chewing my slipper!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x3:1
# text = The puppy is chewing my slipper!
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	slipper	slipper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | present · progressive | the puppy | my slipper |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slipper=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chewing your food well helps digestion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x4:1
# text = Chewing your food well helps digestion.
1	Chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	1	advmod	_	_
5	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	digestion	digestion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | gerund |  | your food |  |  |  | well *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 2 | **help** | present | Chewing | digestion |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent digestion=Beneficiary |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No chewing gum in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x5:1
# text = No chewing gum in class.
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	3	det	_	_
2	chewing	chewing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	gum	gum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was chewing his pencil while he thought.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x6:1
# text = He was chewing his pencil while he thought.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | past · progressive | He | his pencil |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cows spend hours chewing grass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x7:1
# text = Cows spend hours chewing grass.
1	Cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spend	spend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present | Cows |  |  |  | hour |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund | Cows *not said here* | grass |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grass=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chew carefully so you don't choke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x8:1
# text = Chew carefully so you don't choke.
1	Chew	chew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	choke	choke	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **choke** | present · do-support | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn die-42.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He lay on the grass chewing tobacco, when the gazelle trotted up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chewing:x9:1
# text = He lay on the grass chewing tobacco, when the gazelle trotted up.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	tobacco	tobacco	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	gazelle	gazelle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	trotted	trot	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past | He |  |  | the grass |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on grass=Location |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund | He *not said here* | tobacco |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tobacco=Patient |
| 3 | **trot up** | past | the gazelle |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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