---
title: chilblains — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chilblains» in the school dictionary: Painful, itchy red or purple swellings on the toes, fingers, ears or nose, caused when skin gets very cold and then warms up too fast. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chilblains

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Painful itchy red swellings, skin, houses, children, you, chilblains · **What happens:** cause, get, warm up, be, have, wear · **To what, where:** chilblains, cold farmhouse, thick socks, cold feet, fingers, snowman

<!-- .vabout -->
«chilblains» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chilblains in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chilblains.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Painful, itchy red or purple swellings on the toes, fingers, ears or nose, caused when skin gets very cold and then warms up too fast.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:m1:1
# text = Painful, itchy red or purple swellings on the toes, fingers, ears or nose, caused when skin gets very cold and then warms up too fast.
1	Painful	painful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	itchy	itchy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
4	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	swellings	swelling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	fingers	finger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
20	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	ccomp	_	_
22	very	very	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	26	advmod	_	_
26	warms	warm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
27	up	up	ADP	RP	_	26	compound:prt	_	_
28	too	too	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
29	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	26	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | Painful itchy red swellings on the toes and fingers and ears or nose |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | present | skin |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **warm up** | present | skin *not said here* |  |  |  | then | fast *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A common winter complaint in old times, when houses were cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:m2:1
# text = A common winter complaint in old times, when houses were cold.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	complaint	complaint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
10	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | houses |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the cold farmhouse, the children had chilblains on their toes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x1:1
# text = In the cold farmhouse, the children had chilblains on their toes.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	farmhouse	farmhouse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the children | chilblains |  | the cold farmhouse |  | on children's toes | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chilblain=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear thick socks so you don't get chilblains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x2:1
# text = Wear thick socks so you don't get chilblains.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	socks	sock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
9	chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | thick socks |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent sock=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **get** | present · do-support | you | chilblains |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer chilblain=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gran's chilblains itch every winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x3:1
# text = Gran's chilblains itch every winter.
1	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	itch	itch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **itch** | present | Gran's chilblains |  |  |  | winter |  | vn pain-40.8.1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't warm cold feet too quickly by the fire, or you may get chilblains.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x4:1
# text = Don't warm cold feet too quickly by the fire, or you may get chilblains.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	warm	warm	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	too	too	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
16	chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **warm** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | cold feet |  |  |  | by the fire; quickly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent foot=Patient |
| 2 | **get** | may | you | chilblains |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer chilblain=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My fingers were swollen with chilblains after building the snowman.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x5:1
# text = My fingers were swollen with chilblains after building the snowman.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	fingers	finger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	swollen	swell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	building	build	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	snowman	snowman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swell** | past · passive |  | My fingers |  |  |  | with chilblains | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: subject=Extent |
| 2 | **build** | gerund |  | the snowman |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset snowman=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chilblains were common when houses had no heating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chilblains:x6:1
# text = Chilblains were common when houses had no heating.
1	Chilblains	chilblain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	heating	heating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Chilblains |  |  |  |  | common *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | past | houses | no heating |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heating=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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