---
title: chine — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chine» in the school dictionary: The backbone of an animal, or a joint of meat that includes part of the backbone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chine

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** joint, meat, We, butcher, chine, chef · **What happens:** include, cut, make, carve, walk down, chine · **To what, where:** part, deep narrow ravine, soft cliffs, meat, Shanklin Chine, beach

<!-- .vabout -->
«chine» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chine in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chine.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The backbone of an animal, or a joint of meat that includes part of the backbone.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:m1:1
# text = The backbone of an animal, or a joint of meat that includes part of the backbone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	joint	joint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
14	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | a joint of meat | part of the backbone |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A narrow ridge of land or a mountain ridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:m2:1
# text = A narrow ridge of land or a mountain ridge.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	ridge	ridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	ridge	ridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, regional — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A deep, narrow ravine cut by a stream through soft cliffs to the sea, especially on the Isle of Wight and in Dorset and Hampshire.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:m3:1
# text = A deep, narrow ravine cut by a stream through soft cliffs to the sea, especially on the Isle of Wight and in Dorset and Hampshire.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	ravine	ravine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	through	through	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	cliffs	cliff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	Isle	Isle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Wight	Wight	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Dorset	Dorset	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	Hampshire	Hampshire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | participle |  | a deep narrow ravine *not said here* |  | soft cliffs |  | by a stream; to the sea; on the Isle of Wight and Dorset and Hampshire | vn escape-51.1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme through cliff=Initial\_Location to sea=Destination |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: cooking, verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cut through the backbone of a joint of meat to make it easier to carve.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:m4:1
# text = To cut through the backbone of a joint of meat to make it easier to carve.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	joint	joint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	easier	easy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	xcomp	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	carve	carve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | through the backbone of a joint of meat | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent through backbone=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | meat |  |  |  | easy *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 3 | **carve** | to-infinitive | meat *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We walked down Shanklin Chine to the beach on the Isle of Wight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x1:1
# text = We walked down Shanklin Chine to the beach on the Isle of Wight.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	Shanklin	Shanklin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Chine	chine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Isle	Isle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Wight	Wight	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk down** | past | We | Shanklin Chine |  | the beach on the Isle of Wight |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent chine=Theme to beach=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The butcher chined the pork so it was easy to carve.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x2:1
# text = The butcher chined the pork so it was easy to carve.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	butcher	butcher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chined	chine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pork	pork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	expl	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	carve	carve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chine** | past | the butcher | the pork |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | the butcher *not said here* |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **carve** | to-infinitive | the butcher *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A chine is a steep ravine cut into a soft cliff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x3:1
# text = A chine is a steep ravine cut into a soft cliff.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chine	chine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ravine	ravine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a chine | a steep ravine |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cut** | participle |  | a steep ravine *not said here* |  |  |  | into a soft cliff | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into cliff=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stream had carved a deep chine through the sandstone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x4:1
# text = The stream had carved a deep chine through the sandstone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	chine	chine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sandstone	sandstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | past · perfect · passive |  | the stream |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary chine=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chef asked for a chine of beef.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x5:1
# text = The chef asked for a chine of beef.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chef	chef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	chine	chine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	beef	beef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the chef |  |  |  |  | for a chine of beef | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bournemouth has several chines leading to the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chine:x6:1
# text = Bournemouth has several chines leading to the sea.
1	Bournemouth	Bournemouth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chines	chine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	leading	lead	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Bournemouth | several chines |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chine=Patient |
| 2 | **lead** | gerund | several chines *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the sea | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to sea=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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