---
title: chivalry — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chivalry» in the school dictionary: The rules and ideals that medieval knights were supposed to follow: being brave, loyal, honest, protecting the weak and serving God and their lord. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chivalry

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Knights, chivalry, Holding, Gran, boy, story · **What happens:** suppose, follow, be, protect, serve, show · **To what, where:** rules, weak, God, fashioned courtesy, women, door · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chivalry» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chivalry in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chivalry.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rules and ideals that medieval knights were supposed to follow: being brave, loyal, honest, protecting the weak and serving God and their lord.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:m1:1
# text = The rules and ideals that medieval knights were supposed to follow: being brave, loyal, honest, protecting the weak and serving God and their lord.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	ideals	ideal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	supposed	suppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	cop	_	_
14	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	loyal	loyal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	protecting	protect	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	parataxis	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	obj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	serving	serve	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	conj	_	_
25	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	lord	lord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suppose** | past · passive |  | the rules and ideals |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 2 | **follow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | brave *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **protect** | gerund |  | the weak |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weak=Beneficiary |
| 7 | **serve** | gerund |  | God and knights's lord |  |  |  |  | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent god=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polite, kind and generous behaviour, especially old-fashioned courtesy shown by men to women, like holding a door.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:m2:1
# text = Polite, kind and generous behaviour, especially old-fashioned courtesy shown by men to women, like holding a door.
1	Polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	generous	generous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
6	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	courtesy	courtesy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
13	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
20	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | participle |  | fashioned courtesy *not said here* | women |  |  | by men | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient how S»: agent=Agent to woman=Recipient |
| 2 | **hold** | gerund |  | a door |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent door=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Knights were expected to follow the rules of chivalry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x1:1
# text = Knights were expected to follow the rules of chivalry.
1	Knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **expect** | past · passive |  | Knights |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **follow** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Knights *not said here* | the rules of chivalry |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Theme |
| 3 | **rule** |  | chivalry |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
King Arthur's knights were famous for their chivalry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x2:1
# text = King Arthur's knights were famous for their chivalry.
1	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Arthur	Arthur	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | King Arthur's knights |  |  |  |  | for knights's chivalry; famous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Holding the door for someone is a small act of chivalry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x3:1
# text = Holding the door for someone is a small act of chivalry.
1	Holding	hold	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | gerund |  | the door |  |  |  | for someone | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent door=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Holding | a small act |  |  |  | of chivalry | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Chivalry isn't dead!» said Gran when the boy carried her bags.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x4:1
# text = «Chivalry isn't dead!» said Gran when the boy carried her bags.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
10	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
14	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | present | Chivalry |  |  |  |  | dead *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: express* | past | Gran |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **carry** | past | the boy | Gran's bags |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The story is full of chivalry, quests and dragons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x5:1
# text = The story is full of chivalry, quests and dragons.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	quests	quest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dragons	dragon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the story |  |  |  |  | of chivalry and quests and dragons; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chivalry asked knights to protect the weak.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x6:1
# text = Chivalry asked knights to protect the weak.
1	Chivalry	Chivalry	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | Chivalry |  | knights |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent knight=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **protect** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Chivalry *not said here* | the weak |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weak=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Here it is splendid in summer!" she said, and they passed by old castles of the age of chivalry.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chivalry:x7:1
# text = "Here it is splendid in summer!" she said, and they passed by old castles of the age of chivalry.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	splendid	splendid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	parataxis	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	castles	castle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	chivalry	chivalry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | it |  |  | here | summer | splendid *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: express* | past | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **pass** | past | they |  |  |  |  | by old castles of the age of chivalry | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by castle=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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