---
title: cholera — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cholera» in the school dictionary: Cholera is a serious illness caused by germs (bacteria) in dirty water or food, which gives very bad diarrhoea and makes the body lose water quickly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cholera

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Cholera, serious illness, body, drinking, John, Clean water · **What happens:** be, cause, give, make, lose, kill · **To what, where:** serious illness, bad diarrhoea, body, water, clean water, most people

<!-- .vabout -->
«cholera» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cholera in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cholera.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cholera is a serious illness caused by germs (bacteria) in dirty water or food, which gives very bad diarrhoea and makes the body lose water quickly.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:m1:1
# text = Cholera is a serious illness caused by germs (bacteria) in dirty water or food, which gives very bad diarrhoea and makes the body lose water quickly.
1	Cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
19	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
20	very	very	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	diarrhoea	diarrhoea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	lose	lose	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
28	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
29	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Cholera | a serious illness |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  | a serious illness *not said here* |  |  |  | by germs; in dirty water or food | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition in water=Patient |
| 3 | **give** | present | a serious illness | bad diarrhoea |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diarrhoea=Theme |
| 4 | **make** | present | a serious illness *not said here* | the body |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **lose** | infinitive | the body *not said here* | water |  |  |  | quickly *property* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Without treatment cholera can kill, but drinking clean water with salts and sugar (rehydration) and medicine save most people.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:m2:1
# text = Without treatment cholera can kill, but drinking clean water with salts and sugar (rehydration) and medicine save most people.
1	Without	without	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	treatment	treatment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	kill	kill	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
8	drinking	drink	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	csubj	_	_
9	clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	salts	salt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	rehydration	rehydration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
20	save	save	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
21	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	22	amod	_	_
22	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | can |  |  |  |  |  | without treatment cholera | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **drink** | gerund |  | clean water |  |  |  | with salts and sugar and medicine | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 3 | **save** | present | drinking | most people |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cholera spreads through dirty drinking water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x1:1
# text = Cholera spreads through dirty drinking water.
1	Cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	drinking	drinking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | Cholera |  |  | dirty drinking water |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through water=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
John Snow traced cholera to one water pump.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x2:1
# text = John Snow traced cholera to one water pump.
1	John	John	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Snow	Snow	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	traced	trace	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	pump	pump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trace** | past | John | cholera |  |  |  | to one water pump | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cholera=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clean water and toilets stopped cholera in many cities.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x3:1
# text = Clean water and toilets stopped cholera in many cities.
1	Clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	toilets	toilet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | Clean water and toilets | cholera |  | many cities |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality cholera=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Aid workers rushed to stop a cholera outbreak after the flood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x4:1
# text = Aid workers rushed to stop a cholera outbreak after the flood.
1	Aid	aid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	outbreak	outbreak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rush** | past | Aid workers |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Result |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | Aid workers *not said here* | a cholera outbreak |  |  | after the flood |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality outbreak=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People with cholera need lots of clean fluids.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x5:1
# text = People with cholera need lots of clean fluids.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	fluids	fluid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | People with cholera | lots of clean fluids |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is a vaccine that helps protect against cholera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x6:1
# text = There is a vaccine that helps protect against cholera.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	vaccine	vaccine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a vaccine |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | present | a vaccine |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **protect** | infinitive | a vaccine *not said here* |  |  |  |  | against cholera | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent against cholera=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Victorian times, cholera killed thousands in crowded towns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cholera:x7:1
# text = In Victorian times, cholera killed thousands in crowded towns.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Victorian	victorian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	crowded	crowded	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | cholera | thousands |  | crowded towns | time |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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