---
title: chromatography — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chromatography» in the school dictionary: A way of separating a mixture into the different substances in it, by letting a liquid or gas carry them along paper or another material at different speeds. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chromatography

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** way, Paper chromatography, simple school experiment, we, black ink, water · **What happens:** separate, let, carry, be, show, hide · **To what, where:** mixture, different substances, liquid, different speeds, simple school experiment, different colours · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chromatography» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chromatography in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chromatography.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A way of separating a mixture into the different substances in it, by letting a liquid or gas carry them along paper or another material at different speeds.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:m1:1
# text = A way of separating a mixture into the different substances in it, by letting a liquid or gas carry them along paper or another material at different speeds.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	separating	separate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mixture	mixture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	letting	let	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	conj	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	along	along	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	26	det	_	_
26	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	speeds	speed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **separate** | gerund | a way *not said here* | a mixture |  |  |  | into the different substances in way *goal* | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent mixture=Theme into substance=Goal |
| 2 | **let** | gerund | a way *not said here* | a liquid or gas |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent liquid=Theme |
| 3 | **carry** | present | a way | liquid |  | different speeds |  | along paper or another material | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paper chromatography is a simple school experiment that shows the different colours hidden in an ink.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:m2:1
# text = Paper chromatography is a simple school experiment that shows the different colours hidden in an ink.
1	Paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
13	hidden	hide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Paper chromatography | a simple school experiment |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present | a simple school experiment | the different colours |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent colour=Recipient |
| 3 | **hide** | participle |  | the different colours *not said here* |  | a ink |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in ink=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In chromatography, we saw black ink split into blue and orange.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x1:1
# text = In chromatography, we saw black ink split into blue and orange.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	split	split	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	xcomp	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | we | black ink |  | chromatography |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **split** | participle | black ink *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into blue *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into blue=Result |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The water climbed up the paper and carried the colours with it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x2:1
# text = The water climbed up the paper and carried the colours with it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb up** | past | the water | the paper |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location paper=Theme |
| 2 | **carry** | past | the water *not said here* | the colours |  |  |  | with water | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Police labs use chromatography to test evidence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x3:1
# text = Police labs use chromatography to test evidence.
1	Police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	compound	_	_
2	labs	lab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	test	test	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Police labs | chromatography |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chromatography=Patient |
| 2 | **test** | to-infinitive | Police labs *not said here* | evidence |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chromatography shows that one ink can contain many colours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x4:1
# text = Chromatography shows that one ink can contain many colours.
1	Chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	contain	contain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Chromatography |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **contain** | can | one ink | many colours |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot colour=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our chromatography experiment used coffee filter paper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x5:1
# text = Our chromatography experiment used coffee filter paper.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
5	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	filter	filter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **experiment** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom experiment «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw the line in pencil, because pencil does not run in chromatography.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chromatography:x6:1
# text = Draw the line in pencil, because pencil does not run in chromatography.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	run	run	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	chromatography	chromatography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | the line |  | pencil |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent line=Theme in pencil=Destination |
| 2 | **not** **run** | present · do-support | pencil |  |  | chromatography |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in chromatography=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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