---
title: chuff — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «chuff» in the school dictionary: verb To make the puffing sound of a steam train: chuff-chuff. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# chuff

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** verb, Bottom, mild swear words, little steam train, Chuff, I · **What happens:** make, chuff, be, flip, chuff up, go · **To what, where:** puffing sound, me, mild swear words, hill, engine, Mum · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«chuff» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [chuff in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/chuff.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
verb To make the puffing sound of a steam train: chuff-chuff.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:m1:1
# text = verb To make the puffing sound of a steam train: chuff-chuff.
1	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	puffing	puffing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	chuff	chuff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	chuff	chuff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive | verb | the puffing sound of a steam train |  |  |  | chuff chuff *obl* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
chuffed (UK, informal): very pleased.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:m2:1
# text = chuffed (UK, informal): very pleased.
1	chuffed	chuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	pleased	pleased	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, rude slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bottom; «chuffing» and «chuff me» are mild swear words like «flipping».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:m3:1
# text = Bottom; «chuffing» and «chuff me» are mild swear words like «flipping».
1	Bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	chuffing	chuff	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	chuff	chuff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	mild	mild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	swear	swear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
15	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	flipping	flip	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **chuff** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Bottom | mild swear words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **flip** *in a quote* | gerund | mild swear words *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The little steam train chuffed up the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x1:1
# text = The little steam train chuffed up the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	chuffed	chuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff up** | participle | the little steam train *not said here* | the hill |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chuff, chuff, chuff went the engine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x2:1
# text = Chuff, chuff, chuff went the engine.
1	Chuff	chuff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	chuff	chuff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	chuff	chuff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
6	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | Chuff | the engine |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location engine=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm well chuffed with my new bike. (UK)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I'm well chuffed with my new bike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x3:1
# text = I'm well chuffed with my new bike.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
4	chuffed	chuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff** | present · passive | I |  |  |  |  | with my new bike; well *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (UK)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x3:2
# text = (UK)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum was chuffed to bits with her present.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x4:1
# text = Mum was chuffed to bits with her present.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	chuffed	chuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	bits	bit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	present	present	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff** | past · passive |  | Mum |  |  |  | to bits with Mum's present | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Chuffing heck, it's raining again!» said Uncle Dave. (rude)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* «Chuffing heck, it's raining again!» said Uncle Dave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x5:1
# text = «Chuffing heck, it's raining again!» said Uncle Dave.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Chuffing	chuff	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	ccomp	_	_
3	heck	heck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	raining	rain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	Uncle	Uncle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Dave	Dave	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff** *in a quote* | gerund |  | heck |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rain** *in a quote* | present · progressive | it |  |  |  | again |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 3 | **say** *speech: express* | past | Uncle Dave |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (rude)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x5:2
# text = (rude)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kettle chuffed out steam.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:chuff:x6:1
# text = The kettle chuffed out steam.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kettle	kettle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	chuffed	chuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chuff out** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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