---
title: cinchona — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cinchona» in the school dictionary: A cinchona is a tree or shrub from the Andes mountains of South America whose bark contains quinine. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cinchona

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cinchona, bark, Cinchona bark, Quinine, cinchona tree, People · **What happens:** be, contain, dry, use, treat, come · **To what, where:** tree, Andes mountains, quinine, dried bark, malaria, cinchona bark

<!-- .vabout -->
«cinchona» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cinchona in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cinchona.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cinchona is a tree or shrub from the Andes mountains of South America whose bark contains quinine.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:m1:1
# text = A cinchona is a tree or shrub from the Andes mountains of South America whose bark contains quinine.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	shrub	shrub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Andes	Ande	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	compound	_	_
11	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
18	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cinchona | a tree or shrub |  | the Andes mountains of South America |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **contain** | present | bark | quinine |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot quinine=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cinchona bark is the dried bark of this tree, used for centuries to treat malaria.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:m2:1
# text = Cinchona bark is the dried bark of this tree, used for centuries to treat malaria.
1	Cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
16	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Cinchona bark | the dried bark |  |  |  | of this tree | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** | participle | Cinchona bark *not said here* |  |  |  | century |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **treat** | to-infinitive | Cinchona bark *not said here* | malaria |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent malaria=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Quinine, a medicine for malaria, comes from cinchona bark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x1:1
# text = Quinine, a medicine for malaria, comes from cinchona bark.
1	Quinine	Quinine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Quinine |  |  | cinchona bark |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from bark=Initial\_Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cinchona tree grows in the Andes mountains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x2:1
# text = The cinchona tree grows in the Andes mountains.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Andes	Ande	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	compound	_	_
8	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | the cinchona tree |  |  | the Andes mountains |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in mountain=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People in Peru used cinchona bark long before Europeans arrived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x3:1
# text = People in Peru used cinchona bark long before Europeans arrived.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Peru	Peru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
8	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | People in Peru | cinchona bark |  |  |  | long *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bark=Patient |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | Europeans |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tonic water tastes bitter because of quinine from cinchona.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x4:1
# text = Tonic water tastes bitter because of quinine from cinchona.
1	Tonic	tonic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tastes	taste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	7	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	quinine	quinine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | present | Tonic water |  |  | cinchona |  | because quinine; bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cinchona tree is shown on Peru's coat of arms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x5:1
# text = The cinchona tree is shown on Peru's coat of arms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	Peru	Peru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · passive |  | the cinchona tree |  | Peru's coat of arms |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Explorers smuggled cinchona seeds to grow the tree in Asia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x6:1
# text = Explorers smuggled cinchona seeds to grow the tree in Asia.
1	Explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smuggled	smuggle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smuggle** | past | Explorers | cinchona seeds |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seed=Theme |
| 2 | **grow** | to-infinitive | Explorers *not said here* | the tree |  | Asia |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tree=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cinchona bark helped save many lives from malaria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cinchona:x7:1
# text = Cinchona bark helped save many lives from malaria.
1	Cinchona	cinchona	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	malaria	malaria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | Cinchona bark |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **save** | infinitive | Cinchona bark *not said here* | many lives |  | malaria |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent life=Theme from malaria=Source |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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