---
title: circular — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «circular» in the school dictionary: Circular means shaped like a circle, round. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# circular

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Circular, circular route, walk, circular argument, argument, We · **What happens:** mean, shape, go round, end, start, use · **To what, where:** loop, letter, circular table, 400 metres, 1,200 metres, circular walk · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«circular» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [circular in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/circular.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Circular means shaped like a circle, round.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:m1:1
# text = Circular means shaped like a circle, round.
1	Circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	round	round	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Circular |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **shape** *not said to happen* | participle | Circular *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like a circle | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"a circular table".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:m1e:1
# text = "a circular table".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circular route or walk goes round and ends where it started.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:m2:1
# text = A circular route or walk goes round and ends where it started.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	route	route	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	round	round	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go round** | present | a circular route or walk |  |  |  |  | round *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **end** | present | a circular route or walk *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 3 | **start** | past | walk |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circular argument goes round in a loop: it uses what it is trying to prove as its reason.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:m3:1
# text = A circular argument goes round in a loop: it uses what it is trying to prove as its reason.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	round	round	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	loop	loop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
12	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	15	obj	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go round** | present | a circular argument |  |  | a loop |  | round *property* | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in loop=Location |
| 2 | **use** | present | argument |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **try** | present · progressive | argument |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **prove** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | argument *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as argument's reason | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent as reason=Attribute |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circular is a letter or advert sent to many people at once.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:m4:1
# text = A circular is a letter or advert sent to many people at once.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circular	circular	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	advert	advert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl:agent	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a circular | a letter or advert |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **send** | participle |  | a letter or advert *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sat at a circular table.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x1:1
# text = We sat at a circular table.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | We |  |  | a circular table |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at table=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A coin is circular.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x2:1
# text = A coin is circular.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a coin |  |  |  |  | circular *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The circular track is 400 metres round, so 3 laps are 1,200 metres.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x3:1
# text = The circular track is 400 metres round, so 3 laps are 1,200 metres.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	track	track	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	400	400	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	round	round	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	laps	lap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	1,200	1200	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the circular track | 400 metres |  |  |  | round *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | 3 laps | 1,200 metres |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went on a circular walk around the lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x4:1
# text = We went on a circular walk around the lake.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	around	around	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  | a circular walk around the lake |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on walk=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cylinder has two circular faces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x5:1
# text = A cylinder has two circular faces.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cylinder	cylinder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a cylinder | two circular faces |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school sent a circular to all parents.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x6:1
# text = The school sent a circular to all parents.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	circular	circular	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | the school | a circular | all parents |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent circular=Theme to parent=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying "it's true because it's true" is a circular argument.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x7:1
# text = Saying "it's true because it's true" is a circular argument.
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	csubj	_	_
2	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	ccomp	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | it |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | it |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present | Saying | a circular argument |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Ho! who is there?” called out a curious old duck, still bobbing up and down in the circular dance.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circular:x8:1
# text = “Ho! who is there?” called out a curious old duck, still bobbing up and down in the circular dance.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Ho	Ho	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
6	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	5	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
9	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	curious	curious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	duck	duck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	still	still	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	bobbing	bob	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	acl	_	_
18	up	up	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	down	down	ADV	RB	_	18	conj	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	dance	dance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call out** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | a curious old duck |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» |
| 2 | **bob up** | gerund | a curious old duck *not said here* |  |  | the circular dance | still |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dance=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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