---
title: circulate — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «circulate» in the school dictionary: To move round and round inside something and come back, like blood around the body. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# circulate

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** heart, you, air, Old coins, Mum, Water · **What happens:** move, come back, pass, talk, pump, circulate · **To what, where:** something, person, party, blood, body, letter

<!-- .vabout -->
«circulate» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [circulate in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/circulate.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To move round and round inside something and come back, like blood around the body.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:m1:1
# text = To move round and round inside something and come back, like blood around the body.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	move	move	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	round	round	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	round	round	ADV	RB	_	3	conj	_	_
6	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	come	come	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	back	back	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	around	around	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | something |  | round *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme inside something=Trajectory |
| 2 | **come back** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | like blood around the body | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To pass from person to person or place to place, like news, money or a letter.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:m2:1
# text = To pass from person to person or place to place, like news, money or a letter.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	pass	pass	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | to-infinitive |  |  | person or place |  |  | from person; to place and news and money or a letter | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from person=Initial\_Location to person=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To move around a party and talk to many people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:m3:1
# text = To move around a party and talk to many people.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	move	move	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	talk	talk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a party |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme around party=Trajectory |
| 2 | **talk** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to many people | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to people=Co-Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The heart pumps blood to circulate around the body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x1:1
# text = The heart pumps blood to circulate around the body.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	pumps	pump	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	circulate	circulate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	around	around	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pump** | present | the heart | blood |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **circulate** | to-infinitive | the heart *not said here* |  |  | the body |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around body=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A letter was circulated to all parents.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x2:1
# text = A letter was circulated to all parents.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	circulated	circulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | past · passive |  | a letter |  |  |  | to all parents | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Open the window to let the air circulate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x3:1
# text = Open the window to let the air circulate.
1	Open	open	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	circulate	circulate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | imperative | you *not said here* | the window |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location window=Theme |
| 2 | **let** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the air |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **circulate** | infinitive | the air *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rumours circulated about a new teacher.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x4:1
# text = Rumours circulated about a new teacher.
1	Rumours	rumour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	circulated	circulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | participle |  | Rumours *not said here* |  |  |  | about a new teacher | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme about teacher=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old coins still circulate in some countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x5:1
# text = Old coins still circulate in some countries.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	circulate	circulate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | present | Old coins |  |  | some countries | still |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in country=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At the party Mum circulated and talked to everyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x6:1
# text = At the party Mum circulated and talked to everyone.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	circulated	circulate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	talked	talk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | past | Mum |  |  | the party |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at party=Location |
| 2 | **talk** | past | Mum *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to everyone | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to everyone=Co-Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water circulates through the pipes to the radiators.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x7:1
# text = Water circulates through the pipes to the radiators.
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	circulates	circulate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pipes	pipe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	radiators	radiator	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | present | Water |  |  | the pipes |  | to the radiators | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through pipe=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The books were circulated throughout the world, and some of them reached the Emperor.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circulate:x8:1
# text = The books were circulated throughout the world, and some of them reached the Emperor.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	circulated	circulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	throughout	throughout	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	13	nsubj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nmod	_	_
13	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Emperor	Emperor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** | past · passive |  | the books |  |  | throughout the world |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **reach** | past | some | the Emperor |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent emperor=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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