---
title: circumflex — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «circumflex» in the school dictionary: A small mark like a little roof (^) written over a vowel in some languages, for example French «â, ê, î, ô, û» as in «forêt» or «hôpital». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# circumflex

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** forêt, circumflex, Hôpital, English, We, you · **What happens:** write, bend, use, have, look, learn · **To what, where:** little roof, vowel, something, circumflex, French, s

<!-- .vabout -->
«circumflex» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [circumflex in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/circumflex.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: language — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small mark like a little roof (^) written over a vowel in some languages, for example French «â, ê, î, ô, û» as in «forêt» or «hôpital».

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:m1:1
# text = A small mark like a little roof (^) written over a vowel in some languages, for example French «â, ê, î, ô, û» as in «forêt» or «hôpital».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	^	^	PUNCT	NFP	_	11	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
11	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	over	over	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	vowel	vowel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	det	_	_
17	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
21	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	â	â	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	ê	ê	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	î	î	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	ô	ô	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
31	û	û	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	31	punct	_	_
33	as	as	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
34	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	forêt	forêt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	36	punct	_	_
38	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
39	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	40	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	hôpital	hôpital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	40	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle · passive |  | a little roof *not said here* |  | a vowel |  | in some languages; for example; as forêt or hôpital | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in language=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science, rare — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bending around something, used for some nerves and blood vessels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:m2:1
# text = Bending around something, used for some nerves and blood vessels.
1	Bending	bend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	around	around	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
8	nerves	nerve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	vessels	vessel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bend** | gerund |  |  |  | something |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent around something=Location |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for some nerves and blood vessels | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In French, "forêt" has a circumflex on the e.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x1:1
# text = In French, "forêt" has a circumflex on the e.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	forêt	forêt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	e.	E.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | forêt | a circumflex |  | French |  | on the e. | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent circumflex=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The circumflex looks like a tiny roof over the letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x2:1
# text = The circumflex looks like a tiny roof over the letter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the circumflex |  |  |  |  | like a tiny roof; over the letter | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent over letter=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Hôpital" has a circumflex where English has an s in "hospital".

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x3:1
# text = "Hôpital" has a circumflex where English has an s in "hospital".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Hôpital	Hôpital	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	9	advmod	_	_
8	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	s	s	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Hôpital | a circumflex |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent circumflex=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | English | a s |  | hospital |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent s=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned three French accents: acute, grave and circumflex.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x4:1
# text = We learned three French accents: acute, grave and circumflex.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	accents	accent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	acute	acute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	grave	grave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We | three French accents and acute and grave and circumflex |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent accent=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On a keyboard you can type a circumflex with the ^ key.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x5:1
# text = On a keyboard you can type a circumflex with the ^ key.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	keyboard	keyboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	type	type	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	^	^	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	key	key	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **type** | can | you | a circumflex |  | a keyboard |  | with the ^ key | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent circumflex=Theme on keyboard=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The circumflex in "crème brûlée" sits on the u.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:circumflex:x6:1
# text = The circumflex in "crème brûlée" sits on the u.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circumflex	circumflex	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	crème	crème	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	brûlée	brûlée	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	u.	U.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present | the circumflex in crème brûlée |  |  | the u. |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on u.=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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