---
title: citation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «citation» in the school dictionary: A line of words quoted from a book, speech or writer (a quotation). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# citation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** reference, information, official written statement, ticket, fact, your · **What happens:** quote, tell, come, write, praise, appear · **To what, where:** words, book, reader, author, someone, court · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«citation» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [citation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/citation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A line of words quoted from a book, speech or writer (a quotation).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:m1:1
# text = A line of words quoted from a book, speech or writer (a quotation).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	quoted	quote	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	writer	writer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	quotation	quotation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **quote** *speech: other* | participle |  | words *not said here* |  | a book and speech or writer |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reference that tells the reader exactly where information came from (author, title, page, website).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:m2:1
# text = A reference that tells the reader exactly where information came from (author, title, page, website).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reference	reference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	reader	reader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	iobj	_	_
7	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	10	advmod	_	_
9	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	title	title	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | a reference |  | the reader |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent reader=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** | past | information |  |  | author |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from author=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An official written statement praising someone, for example for bravery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:m3:1
# text = An official written statement praising someone, for example for bravery.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	praising	praise	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	acl	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	bravery	bravery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **praise** | gerund | a official written statement *not said here* | someone |  |  |  | for example for bravery | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent someone=Theme for example=Attribute |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law, US — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An official order to appear in court or a ticket for breaking a rule, such as a parking ticket.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:m4:1
# text = An official order to appear in court or a ticket for breaking a rule, such as a parking ticket.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	appear	appear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ticket	ticket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
11	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
16	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	parking	parking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	ticket	ticket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | court or a ticket |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in court=Location |
| 2 | **break** | gerund | a ticket *not said here* | a rule |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every fact in your project needs a citation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x1:1
# text = Every fact in your project needs a citation.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | every fact in your project | a citation |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot citation=Theme |
| 2 | **project** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The essay began with a citation from Martin Luther King Jr.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x2:1
# text = The essay began with a citation from Martin Luther King Jr.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	essay	essay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Martin	Martin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	Luther	Luther	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	_
10	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod:desc	_	_
11	Jr.	Jr.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | the essay |  |  |  |  | with a citation from Martin | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with citation=Subeventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighter received a citation for bravery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x3:1
# text = The firefighter received a citation for bravery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighter	firefighter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	received	receive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	bravery	bravery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **receive** | past | the firefighter | a citation |  |  |  | for bravery | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent citation=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The police officer gave the driver a citation for speeding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x4:1
# text = The police officer gave the driver a citation for speeding.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	police	police	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	officer	officer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	iobj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	speeding	speeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the police officer | a citation | the driver |  |  | for speeding | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent driver=Recipient citation=Theme for speeding=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The citation listed the author, the year and the page.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x5:1
# text = The citation listed the author, the year and the page.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	listed	list	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | past | the citation | the author and the year and the page |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copying without a citation is called plagiarism.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x6:1
# text = Copying without a citation is called plagiarism.
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj:pass	_	_
2	without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	citation	citation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	plagiarism	plagiarism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | without a citation | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** *speech: assert* | present · passive | Copying | plagiarism |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists count how many citations their papers get.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:citation:x7:1
# text = Scientists count how many citations their papers get.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	count	count	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	citations	citation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	papers	paper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute |
| 2 | **get** | present | many citations |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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