---
title: cloning — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cloning» in the school dictionary: Making an exact copy of a living thing, with the same genes, from one of its cells. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cloning

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cuttings, Copying, cloning, Taking, Identical twins, Scientists · **What happens:** make, copy, be, steal, take, debate · **To what, where:** exact copy, living thing, copies, clones, plants, something

<!-- .vabout -->
«cloning» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cloning in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cloning.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making an exact copy of a living thing, with the same genes, from one of its cells.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:m1:1
# text = Making an exact copy of a living thing, with the same genes, from one of its cells.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a exact copy of a living thing |  |  |  | with the same genes | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |
| 2 | **copy** |  |  | a living thing |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making copies of plants from cuttings, which are clones of the parent plant.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:m2:1
# text = Making copies of plants from cuttings, which are clones of the parent plant.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	copies	copy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cuttings	cutting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	clones	clone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	parent	parent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | copies of plants from cuttings and clones |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | present | cuttings and clones | clones |  |  |  | of the parent plant | tree rules |
| 3 | **copy** |  |  | plants from cuttings and clones |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computers — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copying something exactly, such as a hard drive or a website.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:m3:1
# text = Copying something exactly, such as a hard drive or a website.
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	drive	drive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | such a hard drive or a website | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: crime — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copying someone's bank card or phone details secretly to steal money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:m4:1
# text = Copying someone's bank card or phone details secretly to steal money.
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	details	detail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
9	secretly	secretly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	steal	steal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
12	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | gerund |  | someone's bank card or phone details |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Theme |
| 2 | **steal** | to-infinitive | Copying | money |  |  |  | secretly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location money=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dolly the sheep was made by cloning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x1:1
# text = Dolly the sheep was made by cloning.
1	Dolly	Dolly	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cloning	cloning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive | cloning | Dolly and the sheep |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Taking a cutting from a geranium is a kind of cloning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x2:1
# text = Taking a cutting from a geranium is a kind of cloning.
1	Taking	take	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cutting	cutting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	geranium	geranium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cloning	cloning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | gerund |  | a cutting |  | a geranium |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent cutting=Theme from geranium=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Taking | a kind |  |  |  | of cloning | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identical twins are natural clones of each other.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x3:1
# text = Identical twins are natural clones of each other.
1	Identical	identical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	twins	twin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	clones	clone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	5	obl	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Identical twins | natural clones |  |  |  | of each | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists debate whether cloning animals is fair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x4:1
# text = Scientists debate whether cloning animals is fair.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	debate	debate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	cloning	cloning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **debate** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | cloning animals |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Card cloning is when criminals copy your bank card.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x5:1
# text = Card cloning is when criminals copy your bank card.
1	Card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	cloning	cloning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	criminals	criminal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	copy	copy	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | Card cloning |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **copy** | present | criminals | your bank card |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We are cloning the project so each of us has a copy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloning:x6:1
# text = We are cloning the project so each of us has a copy.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	cloning	clone	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	_
10	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clone** | present · progressive | We | the project |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | each | a copy |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent copy=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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