---
title: close — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «close» in the school dictionary: To close is to shut, like a door, a book or your eyes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# close

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** shop, Close, Close friends, close game, scores, store · **What happens:** close, be, say, mean, count, stand · **To what, where:** klohs, good friends, one, 9:00, library, window · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«close» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [close in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/close.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To close is to shut, like a door, a book or your eyes.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:m1:1
# text = To close is to shut, like a door, a book or your eyes.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	close	close	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	shut	shut	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | like a door; shut *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To close is also to stop being open for people, like a shop closing at night.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:m2:1
# text = To close is also to stop being open for people, like a shop closing at night.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	close	close	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
15	closing	close	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	acl	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | stop *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | for people; open *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **close** | gerund | a shop *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Close (said «klohs») means near.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:m3:1
# text = Close (said «klohs») means near.
1	Close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	klohs	kloh	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	near	near	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Close *not said here* | klohs |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent kloh=Topic |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Close |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Close friends are very good friends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:m4:1
# text = Close friends are very good friends.
1	Close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Close friends | good friends |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A close game is one where the scores are nearly the same.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:m5:1
# text = A close game is one where the scores are nearly the same.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	scores	score	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a close game | one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the scores |  |  |  |  | nearly, same *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The store closes at 9:00.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x1:1
# text = The store closes at 9:00.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	store	store	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	closes	close	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	9:00	9:00	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | present | the store |  |  | 9:00 |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which number is closest to 50?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x2:1
# text = Which number is closest to 50?
1	Which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	2	det	_	_
2	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	closest	close	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | which number |  |  |  |  | to 50; close *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The park is close to school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x3:1
# text = The park is close to school.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the park |  |  |  |  | to school; close *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The library is closed on Sunday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x4:1
# text = The library is closed on Sunday.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Sunday	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | present · passive |  | the library |  |  | sunday |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please close the window, it is cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x5:1
# text = Please close the window, it is cold.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	close	close	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | imperative | you *not said here* | the window |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent window=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | window |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Close your eyes and count to ten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x6:1
# text = Close your eyes and count to ten.
1	Close	close	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	count	count	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | imperative | you *not said here* | your eyes |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient |
| 2 | **count** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to ten | vn matter-91 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus to ten=Experiencer |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stand close to me in the crowd.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x7:1
# text = Stand close to me in the crowd.
1	Stand	stand	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the crowd |  | close *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in crowd=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was a close game: 3 to 2.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x8:1
# text = It was a close game: 3 to 2.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	appos	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | a close game |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is my close friend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x9:1
# text = She is my close friend.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | She | my close friend |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Close behind him some one followed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:close:x10:1
# text = Close behind him some one followed.
1	Close	close	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
2	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obl	_	_
4	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
5	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | past | some one |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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