---
title: cloven — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cloven» in the school dictionary: Split into two parts, especially a hoof divided into two toes («cloven hoof»), as on cows, sheep, goats, pigs and deer. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cloven

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, Deer, cloven hoof, Horses, hooves, boots · **What happens:** split, divide, cut, have, cloven, leave · **To what, where:** hoof, two parts, two toes, cloven hooves, part print, mud · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cloven» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cloven in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cloven.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Split into two parts, especially a hoof divided into two toes («cloven hoof»), as on cows, sheep, goats, pigs and deer.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:m1:1
# text = Split into two parts, especially a hoof divided into two toes («cloven hoof»), as on cows, sheep, goats, pigs and deer.
1	Split	split	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	into	into	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
9	divided	divide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	cloven	cloven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	goats	goat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	pigs	pig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	deer	deer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **split** | imperative | you *not said here* | a hoof |  |  |  | into two parts *result*; as cows and sheep and goats and pigs and deer | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into part=Result |
| 2 | **divide** | participle |  | a hoof *not said here* |  | two toes |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old, literary — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Split or cut apart by a strong blow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:m2:1
# text = Split or cut apart by a strong blow.
1	Split	split	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
4	apart	apart	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	blow	blow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **split** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **cut** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by a strong blow; apart *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deer have cloven hooves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x1:1
# text = Deer have cloven hooves.
1	Deer	deer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cloven	cloven	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Deer | cloven hooves |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hoove=Patient |
| 2 | **cloven** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pig's cloven hoof left a two-part print in the mud.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x2:1
# text = The pig's cloven hoof left a two-part print in the mud.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pig	pig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	cloven	cloven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	print	print	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the pig's cloven hoof | a part print |  | the mud |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent print=Theme in mud=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Horses do not have cloven hooves; their hooves are solid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x3:1
# text = Horses do not have cloven hooves; their hooves are solid.
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	cloven	cloven	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | present · do-support | Horses | cloven hooves |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hoove=Patient |
| 2 | **cloven** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | Horses's hooves |  |  |  |  | solid *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story, the stranger's boots hid cloven hooves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x4:1
# text = In the story, the stranger's boots hid cloven hooves.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stranger	stranger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	hid	hide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	cloven	cloven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	hooves	hoove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | past | the stranger's boots | cloven hooves |  | the story |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent hoove=Patient in story=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sheep and goats are cloven-hoofed animals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x5:1
# text = Sheep and goats are cloven-hoofed animals.
1	Sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	goats	goat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	cloven	cloven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	hoofed	hoof	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hoof** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Sheep and goats | cloven hoofed animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Bible's food laws speak of animals with a divided hoof that chew the cud.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x6:1
# text = The Bible's food laws speak of animals with a divided hoof that chew the cud.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	divided	divide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	hoof	hoof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
13	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	chew	chew	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | the Bible's food laws |  |  |  |  | of animals; with a divided hoof | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with hoof=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **divide** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **chew** | present | a divided hoof | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sea washes away the blood that has flowed from the cloven skulls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cloven:x7:1
# text = The sea washes away the blood that has flowed from the cloven skulls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	washes	wash	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	away	away	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	flowed	flow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	cloven	cloven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	skulls	skull	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash away** | present | the sea | the blood |  |  |  | away *property* | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blood=Patient |
| 2 | **flow** | present · perfect · passive |  | the blood |  | the cloven skulls |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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