---
title: co — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «co» in the school dictionary: Co. is short for «company», often in business names, like «Smith & Co.». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# co

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Co., c/o, CO, granny, co-pilot, book · **What happens:** be, mean, cooperate, call, live, help · **To what, where:** address, chemical formula, bakery, Co. Galway, plane, two co-authors · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«co» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [co in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/co.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Co. is short for «company», often in business names, like «Smith & Co.».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:m1:1
# text = Co. is short for «company», often in business names, like «Smith & Co.».
1	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	often	often	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	Smith	Smith	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
17	&	&	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Co. |  |  |  |  | for company; short *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Co. is short for «county» in Ireland, as in «Co. Cork».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:m2:1
# text = Co. is short for «county» in Ireland, as in «Co. Cork».
1	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	county	county	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	Cork	cork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Co. |  |  |  |  | for county in Ireland; short *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Co- at the start of a word means together or jointly, as in co-pilot, co-worker, cooperate.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:m3:1
# text = Co- at the start of a word means together or jointly, as in co-pilot, co-worker, cooperate.
1	Co	Co	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
10	together	together	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	jointly	jointly	ADV	RB	_	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	co-pilot	co-pilot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	co-worker	co-worker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	cooperate	cooperate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of a word; together *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cooperate** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
c/o (care of) on letters means «at the address of».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:m4:1
# text = c/o (care of) on letters means «at the address of».
1	c/o	c/o	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	care	care	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	address	address	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | c/o on letters | the address |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent address=Topic |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
CO is the chemical formula for carbon monoxide, a dangerous gas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:m5:1
# text = CO is the chemical formula for carbon monoxide, a dangerous gas.
1	CO	CO	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	formula	formula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	monoxide	monoxide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | CO | the chemical formula and a dangerous gas |  |  |  | for carbon monoxide | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bakery is called Jones & Co.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x1:1
# text = The bakery is called Jones & Co.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bakery	bakery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	Jones	Jones	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	_
6	&	&	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the bakery |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My granny lives in Co. Galway in Ireland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x2:1
# text = My granny lives in Co. Galway in Ireland.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	granny	granny	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Co.	Co.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Galway	Galway	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | My granny |  |  | Co. Galway |  | in Ireland | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in galway=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The co-pilot helps fly the plane.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x3:1
# text = The co-pilot helps fly the plane.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	co-pilot	co-pilot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | the co-pilot |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **fly** | infinitive | the co-pilot *not said here* | the plane |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location plane=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The book has two co-authors.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x4:1
# text = The book has two co-authors.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	co-authors	co-author	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the book | two co-authors |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent co-author=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have a CO alarm in the kitchen to warn us of carbon monoxide.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x5:1
# text = We have a CO alarm in the kitchen to warn us of carbon monoxide.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	CO	CO	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	alarm	alarm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	warn	warn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	monoxide	monoxide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | We | a CO alarm |  | the kitchen |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alarm=Patient |
| 2 | **warn** *speech: warn* | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  | us |  |  | of carbon monoxide | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP PP.topic»: agent=Agent we=Recipient of monoxide=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Send the letter c/o Mrs Brown.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x6:1
# text = Send the letter c/o Mrs Brown.
1	Send	send	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	c/o	c/o	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Mrs	Mrs	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Brown	Brown	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | imperative | you *not said here* | the letter |  |  |  | c/o Mrs Brown | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Longman & Co. to be published.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:co:x7:1
# text = Longman & Co. to be published.
1	Longman	Longman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	&	&	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Co.	co.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	published	publish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **publish** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP» |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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