---
title: collectivisation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «collectivisation» in the school dictionary: The forcing of farmers to give up their own land and animals and join big farms run by the state, as in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and 1930s. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# collectivisation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** forcing, things, Collectivisation, families, Forced collectivisation, history book · **What happens:** give up, join, run, put, belong, separate · **To what, where:** own land, big farms, late 1920s, things, people, millions

<!-- .vabout -->
«collectivisation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [collectivisation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/collectivisation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The forcing of farmers to give up their own land and animals and join big farms run by the state, as in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and 1930s.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:m1:1
# text = The forcing of farmers to give up their own land and animals and join big farms run by the state, as in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and 1930s.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	forcing	forcing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	join	join	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
15	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	as	as	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	Soviet	Soviet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	Union	Union	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	1920s	1920s	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	14	obl	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	1930s	1930	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give up** | to-infinitive | the forcing of farmers | farmers's own land and animals |  |  |  |  | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Source |
| 2 | **join** | present | the forcing of farmers *not said here* | big farms |  | the late 1920s and 1930s |  | as the Soviet Union | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent farm=Patient |
| 3 | **run** | participle |  | big farms *not said here* |  |  |  | by the state | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by state=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
More generally, putting things that belonged to separate people under shared or state ownership.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:m2:1
# text = More generally, putting things that belonged to separate people under shared or state ownership.
1	More	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
2	generally	generally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	belonged	belong	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	separate	separate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	under	under	ADP	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	shared	share	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	state	state	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	ownership	ownership	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | gerund |  | things |  |  |  | generally *property* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent thing=Goal |
| 2 | **belong** | past | things |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **separate** | to-infinitive | things *not said here* | people |  |  |  |  | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **share** | participle | things *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Collectivisation took land away from millions of farmers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x1:1
# text = Collectivisation took land away from millions of farmers.
1	Collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	land	land	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	away	away	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take away** | past | Collectivisation |  |  | millions of farmers |  | away, land *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from million=Initial\_Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During collectivisation, families had to give their cows to the collective farm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x2:1
# text = During collectivisation, families had to give their cows to the collective farm.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	collective	collective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | families |  |  |  | during collectivisation |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | to-infinitive | families *not said here* | families's cows | the collective farm |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent cow=Theme to farm=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forced collectivisation helped cause the Holodomor famine in Ukraine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x3:1
# text = Forced collectivisation helped cause the Holodomor famine in Ukraine.
1	Forced	force	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Holodomor	Holodomor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	famine	famine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Ukraine	Ukraine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **force** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **help** | past | Forced collectivisation |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** | infinitive | Forced collectivisation *not said here* | the Holodomor famine |  | Ukraine |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition famine=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our history book has a chapter on collectivisation in the Soviet Union.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x4:1
# text = Our history book has a chapter on collectivisation in the Soviet Union.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Soviet	Soviet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	Union	Union	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our history book | a chapter |  | collectivisation in the Soviet Union |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chapter=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many farmers who refused collectivisation were sent far away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x5:1
# text = Many farmers who refused collectivisation were sent far away.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	refused	refuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
9	away	away	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refuse** | past | Many farmers | collectivisation |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent collectivisation=Theme |
| 2 | **send** | past · passive |  | Many farmers |  |  |  | away *property* | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Collectivisation was meant to grow more food, but harvests fell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:collectivisation:x6:1
# text = Collectivisation was meant to grow more food, but harvests fell.
1	Collectivisation	collectivisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	meant	mean	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	harvests	harvest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | past · passive |  | Collectivisation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | more food |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location food=Theme |
| 3 | **fall** | past | harvests |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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