---
title: concrete — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «concrete» in the school dictionary: A hard building material made by mixing cement, sand, small stones and water; it is soft when wet and sets very hard. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# concrete

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** water, you, workers, Dog, joy, We · **What happens:** make, mix, be, set, see, touch · **To what, where:** hard building material, cement, adjective, wet concrete, bridge, concrete noun

<!-- .vabout -->
«concrete» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [concrete in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/concrete.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hard building material made by mixing cement, sand, small stones and water; it is soft when wet and sets very hard.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:m1:1
# text = A hard building material made by mixing cement, sand, small stones and water; it is soft when wet and sets very hard.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	mixing	mix	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
8	cement	cement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
20	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
21	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	sets	set	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
24	very	very	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a hard building material *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **mix** | gerund |  | cement and sand and small stones and water |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cement=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present | water |  |  |  |  | soft *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | water *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **set** | present | water *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective, made of concrete.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:m2:1
# text = As an adjective, made of concrete.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a adjective *not said here* |  |  |  | of concrete | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Real and definite, something you can see or touch, not just an idea.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:m3:1
# text = Real and definite, something you can see or touch, not just an idea.
1	Real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	definite	definite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	touch	touch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
13	just	just	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | can | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **touch** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"concrete evidence", "concrete objects".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:m3e:1
# text = "concrete evidence", "concrete objects".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The workers poured wet concrete for the new path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x1:1
# text = The workers poured wet concrete for the new path.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	poured	pour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pour** | past | the workers | wet concrete |  |  |  | for the new path | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent concrete=Patient for path=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't write in wet concrete.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x2:1
# text = Don't write in wet concrete.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **write** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | wet concrete |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in concrete=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bridge is made of concrete and steel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x3:1
# text = The bridge is made of concrete and steel.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | the bridge |  |  |  | of concrete and steel | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Dog" is a concrete noun, but "joy" is abstract.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x4:1
# text = "Dog" is a concrete noun, but "joy" is abstract.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	joy	joy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	abstract	abstract	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dog | a concrete noun |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | joy |  |  |  |  | abstract *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use concrete objects like cubes to show the sum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x5:1
# text = Use concrete objects like cubes to show the sum.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cubes	cube	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sum	sum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | concrete objects |  |  |  | like cubes | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Patient |
| 2 | **show** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the sum |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent sum=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We need concrete proof, not guesses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x6:1
# text = We need concrete proof, not guesses.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	guesses	guess	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | We | concrete proof and guesses |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot proof=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I scraped my knee on the concrete.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:concrete:x7:1
# text = I scraped my knee on the concrete.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scraped	scrape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scrape** | past | I | my knee |  | the concrete |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent knee=Theme on concrete=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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