---
title: constantinople — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «constantinople» in the school dictionary: Constantinople was the old name of the great city on the Bosphorus strait that is now called Istanbul, in Turkey. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# constantinople

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Constantinople, It, Hagia, Ottoman Turks, Merchants, Maximus · **What happens:** be, call, name, have, keep out, capture · **To what, where:** old name, Bosphorus strait, capital, Constantinople, city, great church · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«constantinople» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [constantinople in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/constantinople.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Constantinople was the old name of the great city on the Bosphorus strait that is now called Istanbul, in Turkey.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:m1:1
# text = Constantinople was the old name of the great city on the Bosphorus strait that is now called Istanbul, in Turkey.
1	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Bosphorus	Bosphorus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	strait	strait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
16	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	17	advmod	_	_
17	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
18	Istanbul	Istanbul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Turkey	Turkey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Constantinople | the old name |  |  |  | of the great city on the Bosphorus strait | tree rules |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | the Bosphorus strait |  |  | now |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and later of the Ottoman Empire.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:m2:1
# text = It was the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and later of the Ottoman Empire.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Eastern	Eastern	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	Roman	Roman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Byzantine	Byzantine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
12	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	flat	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	18	advmod	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Ottoman	Ottoman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | the capital |  |  |  | of the Eastern Roman and Byzantine and the Ottoman Empire | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Constantinople was named after the emperor Constantine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x1:1
# text = Constantinople was named after the emperor Constantine.
1	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	Constantine	Constantine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | past · passive |  | Constantinople |  |  | after the emperor |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The city of Constantinople is now called Istanbul.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x2:1
# text = The city of Constantinople is now called Istanbul.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
6	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	Istanbul	Istanbul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the city of Constantinople |  |  | now |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hagia Sophia was the great church of Constantinople.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x3:1
# text = Hagia Sophia was the great church of Constantinople.
1	Hagia	Hagia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Sophia	Sophia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Hagia | the great church |  |  |  | of Constantinople | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Constantinople had enormous walls to keep out enemies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x4:1
# text = Constantinople had enormous walls to keep out enemies.
1	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	enormous	enormous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Constantinople | enormous walls |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Patient |
| 2 | **keep out** | to-infinitive | Constantinople *not said here* | enemies |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent enemy=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople with huge cannons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x5:1
# text = The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople with huge cannons.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Ottoman	ottoman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Turks	Turk	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	captured	capture	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cannons	cannon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **capture** | past | the Ottoman Turks | Constantinople |  |  |  | with huge cannons | vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent constantinople=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Merchants from many lands traded in Constantinople.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x6:1
# text = Merchants from many lands traded in Constantinople.
1	Merchants	merchant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	lands	land	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	traded	trade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trade** | past | Merchants from many lands |  |  | Constantinople |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Before it was Constantinople, the town was called Byzantium.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x7:1
# text = Before it was Constantinople, the town was called Byzantium.
1	Before	before	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	Byzantium	Byzantium	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | it |  |  |  | before Constantinople |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **call** | past · passive |  | the town |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Maximus Planudes, a learned monk of Constantinople, made a collection of about a hundred and fifty of these fables.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:constantinople:x8:1
# text = Maximus Planudes, a learned monk of Constantinople, made a collection of about a hundred and fifty of these fables.
1	Maximus	Maximus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
2	Planudes	Planude	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	1	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	monk	monk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	collection	collection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	about	about	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	fifty	fifty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	21	det	_	_
21	fables	fable	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | past | Maximus | a collection of a hundred |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent collection=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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