---
title: contamination — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «contamination» in the school dictionary: The state of being made dirty, impure or harmful by something unwanted (water contamination). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/contamination/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [C](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/) / contamination

# contamination

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, process, Unwanted material, Cross-contamination, raw meat, Food labels · **What happens:** make, contaminate, spoil, find, happen, touch · **To what, where:** state, something, sample, cooked food, gloves, contamination

<!-- .vabout -->
«contamination» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [contamination in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/contamination.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The state of being made dirty, impure or harmful by something unwanted (water contamination).

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:m1:1
# text = The state of being made dirty, impure or harmful by something unwanted (water contamination).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
6	dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	impure	impure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obl:agent	_	_
13	unwanted	unwanted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund · passive | something | the state *not said here* |  |  |  | dirty *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The act or process of contaminating something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:m2:1
# text = The act or process of contaminating something.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	process	process	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	contaminating	contaminate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contaminate** | gerund | process *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme something=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Unwanted material spoiling a sample or experiment.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:m3:1
# text = Unwanted material spoiling a sample or experiment.
1	Unwanted	unwanted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	spoiling	spoil	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sample	sample	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spoil** | gerund | Unwanted material *not said here* | a sample or experiment |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The water company found contamination in the reservoir.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x1:1
# text = The water company found contamination in the reservoir.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	reservoir	reservoir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cross-contamination happens when raw meat touches cooked food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x2:1
# text = Cross-contamination happens when raw meat touches cooked food.
1	Cross-contamination	cross-contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	touches	touch	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	cooked	cook	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | present | Cross-contamination |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **touch** | present | raw meat | cooked food |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme food=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **cook** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Food labels warn about contamination with nuts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x3:1
# text = Food labels warn about contamination with nuts.
1	Food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	labels	label	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	warn	warn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	nuts	nut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | Food labels |  |  |  |  | about contamination; with nuts | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about contamination=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists wear gloves to avoid contamination.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x4:1
# text = Scientists wear gloves to avoid contamination.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wear	wear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	gloves	glove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | present | Scientists | gloves |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent glove=Theme |
| 2 | **avoid** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | contamination |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent contamination=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Radioactive contamination stayed near Chernobyl for many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x5:1
# text = Radioactive contamination stayed near Chernobyl for many years.
1	Radioactive	radioactive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	near	near	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Chernobyl	Chernobyl	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | Radioactive contamination |  |  | Chernobyl | year |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near chernobyl=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beach was closed because of sewage contamination.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contamination:x6:1
# text = The beach was closed because of sewage contamination.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	sewage	sewage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | past · passive |  | the beach |  |  |  | because sewage contamination | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [contaminated](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/contaminated/)
- next →: [contemn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/contemn/)
- ↑ back to [C in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/)