---
title: contusion — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «contusion» in the school dictionary: A contusion is a bruise: an injury where the skin is not broken but blood leaks under it, making a dark mark. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# contusion

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** contusion, injury, doctor, knee, footballer, X ray · **What happens:** be, not break, leak, make, say, suffer · **To what, where:** bruise, skin, dark mark, contusion, broken bone, few cuts · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«contusion» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [contusion in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/contusion.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A contusion is a bruise: an injury where the skin is not broken but blood leaks under it, making a dark mark.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:m1:1
# text = A contusion is a bruise: an injury where the skin is not broken but blood leaks under it, making a dark mark.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	14	advmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	leaks	leak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
18	under	under	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	advcl	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a contusion | a bruise |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **break** | present · passive |  | the skin |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **leak** | present | a injury | a bruise *not said here* |  | skin |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bruise=Source |
| 4 | **make** | gerund | a injury *not said here* | a dark mark |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset mark=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor said the dark mark on my knee was only a contusion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x1:1
# text = The doctor said the dark mark on my knee was only a contusion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the doctor | the dark mark |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent mark=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | past | my knee |  |  | a contusion |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The footballer suffered a contusion after the hard tackle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x2:1
# text = The footballer suffered a contusion after the hard tackle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	footballer	footballer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tackle	tackle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | the footballer | a contusion |  |  | after the hard tackle |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer contusion=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The X-ray showed no broken bone, just a contusion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x3:1
# text = The X-ray showed no broken bone, just a contusion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	no	no	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	just	just	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the X ray | broken bone |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bone=Recipient |
| 2 | **not** **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She had a few cuts and contusions after falling off her bike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x4:1
# text = She had a few cuts and contusions after falling off her bike.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cuts	cut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	contusions	contusion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
10	off	off	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | She | a few cuts and contusions |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cut=Patient |
| 2 | **fall off** | gerund | She *not said here* | her bike |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient bike=Extent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put ice on a contusion to stop it swelling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x5:1
# text = Put ice on a contusion to stop it swelling.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	swelling	swell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | ice |  | a contusion |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent ice=Theme on contusion=Destination |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | ice |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **swell** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A contusion turns purple, then green, then yellow as it heals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:contusion:x6:1
# text = A contusion turns purple, then green, then yellow as it heals.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	contusion	contusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
10	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	_
11	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	heals	heal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | a contusion |  |  |  |  | purple *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **heal** | present | contusion |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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