---
title: convection — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «convection» in the school dictionary: Convection is the way heat moves through a liquid or a gas: the warm part rises and the cooler part sinks, making a current that goes round. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# convection

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Convection, heat, warm part, cooler part, current, Hot water · **What happens:** be, move, rise, sink, make, go round · **To what, where:** way, liquid, current, warm air, ceiling, pan

<!-- .vabout -->
«convection» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [convection in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/convection.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Convection is the way heat moves through a liquid or a gas: the warm part rises and the cooler part sinks, making a current that goes round.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:m1:1
# text = Convection is the way heat moves through a liquid or a gas: the warm part rises and the cooler part sinks, making a current that goes round.
1	Convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	through	through	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	cooler	cool	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	21	amod	_	_
21	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	sinks	sink	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	current	current	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	nsubj	_	_
28	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	acl:relcl	_	_
29	round	round	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Convection | the way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **move** | present | heat | the way *not said here* |  | a liquid or a gas |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent way=Theme through liquid=Trajectory |
| 3 | **rise** | present | the warm part |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sink** | present | the cooler part |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **make** | gerund | the cooler part *not said here* | a current |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset current=Product |
| 6 | **go round** | present | a current |  |  |  |  | round *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Convection carries warm air up to the ceiling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x1:1
# text = Convection carries warm air up to the ceiling.
1	Convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ceiling	ceiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry up** | present | Convection | warm air |  | the ceiling |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent air=Theme to ceiling=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hot water rises by convection in a pan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x2:1
# text = Hot water rises by convection in a pan.
1	Hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pan	pan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | present | Hot water |  |  | a pan |  | by convection | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by convection=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A radiator heats a room by convection.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x3:1
# text = A radiator heats a room by convection.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	radiator	radiator	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	heats	heat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heat** | present | a radiator | a room |  |  |  | by convection | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent room=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw arrows to show the convection current.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x4:1
# text = Draw arrows to show the convection current.
1	Draw	draw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	show	show	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	current	current	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | to-infinitive | Draw arrows | the convection current |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent current=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A convection oven has a fan to blow hot air around.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x5:1
# text = A convection oven has a fan to blow hot air around.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	oven	oven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fan	fan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	blow	blow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
9	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	around	around	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a convection oven | a fan |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fan=Patient |
| 2 | **blow around** | to-infinitive | a convection oven *not said here* | hot air |  |  |  | around *property* | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent air=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sea breezes are caused by convection.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convection:x6:1
# text = Sea breezes are caused by convection.
1	Sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	breezes	breeze	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	convection	convection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | convection | Sea breezes |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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