---
title: convinced — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «convinced» in the school dictionary: Completely sure that something is true: «I'm convinced the cat ate my sandwich.». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# convinced

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, I, cat, someone, She, Tom · **What happens:** be, eat, make, believe, agree, do · **To what, where:** sandwich, someone, something, choir, bag, bus · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«convinced» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [convinced in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/convinced.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Completely sure that something is true: «I'm convinced the cat ate my sandwich.».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:m1:1
# text = Completely sure that something is true: «I'm convinced the cat ate my sandwich.».
1	Completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
15	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	sandwich	sandwich	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | I |  |  |  |  | convinced *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **eat** *in a quote* | past | the cat | my sandwich |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sandwich=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb, past — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Made someone believe something or agree to do something: «She convinced me to join the choir.».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:m2:1
# text = Made someone believe something or agree to do something: «She convinced me to join the choir.».
1	Made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	agree	agree	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	convinced	convince	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
14	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	join	join	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	choir	choir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **believe** | infinitive | someone *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |
| 3 | **agree** *speech: agree* | infinitive | someone *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | someone *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 5 | **convince** *in a quote* | past | She | someone |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent i=Patient clause=Result |
| 6 | **join** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | the choir |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent choir=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective, before a noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Firm in a belief: «a convinced Christian», «a convinced vegetarian».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:m3:1
# text = Firm in a belief: «a convinced Christian», «a convinced vegetarian».
1	Firm	firm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	belief	belief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Christian	Christian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	vegetarian	vegetarian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm convinced there is a monster under my bed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x1:1
# text = I'm convinced there is a monster under my bed.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	5	expl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	monster	monster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | I |  |  |  |  | convinced *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tom was convinced that he had left his bag on the bus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x2:1
# text = Tom was convinced that he had left his bag on the bus.
1	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Tom |  |  |  |  | convinced *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | past · perfect | Tom | Tom's bag |  | the bus |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent bag=Theme on bus=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She convinced her parents to get a puppy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x3:1
# text = She convinced her parents to get a puppy.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	convinced	convince	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **convince** | past | She | her parents |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent parent=Patient clause=Result |
| 2 | **get** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | a puppy |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer puppy=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher wasn't convinced by my excuse.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x4:1
# text = The teacher wasn't convinced by my excuse.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	convinced	convince	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	excuse	excuse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **convince** | past · passive | my excuse | the teacher |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **excuse** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom excuse «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the experiment, we were convinced that plants need light.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x5:1
# text = After the experiment, we were convinced that plants need light.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obj	_	_
9	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | we |  |  |  | after the experiment | convinced *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **need** | present | plants | that |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa is a convinced fan of the local team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x6:1
# text = Grandpa is a convinced fan of the local team.
1	Grandpa	grandpa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	fan	fan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Grandpa | a convinced fan |  |  |  | of the local team | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Are you convinced, or do you need more proof?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x7:1
# text = Are you convinced, or do you need more proof?
1	Are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | convinced *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **need** | present · do-support | you | more proof |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot proof=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He turned round anew, firmly convinced that he was seriously ill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:convinced:x8:1
# text = He turned round anew, firmly convinced that he was seriously ill.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	round	round	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	anew	anew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	firmly	firmly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	convinced	convinced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	seriously	seriously	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn round** | past | He |  |  |  |  | anew, round *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | he |  |  |  |  | ill, seriously *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [convince](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/convince/)
- next →: [convincing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/convincing/)
- ↑ back to [C in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/)