---
title: coronavirus — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «coronavirus» in the school dictionary: One of a family of viruses that can cause illnesses in people and animals, from a common cold to serious illnesses. Under a microscope they have spikes that look like a crown. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# coronavirus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** viruses, illnesses, spikes, virus, COVID pandemic, illness · **What happens:** cause, have, look, spread, name, wash · **To what, where:** illnesses, common cold, spikes, microscope, COVID pandemic, world

<!-- .vabout -->
«coronavirus» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [coronavirus in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/coronavirus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of a family of viruses that can cause illnesses in people and animals, from a common cold to serious illnesses. Under a microscope they have spikes that look like a crown.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* One of a family of viruses that can cause illnesses in people and animals, from a common cold to serious illnesses.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:m1:1
# text = One of a family of viruses that can cause illnesses in people and animals, from a common cold to serious illnesses.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	illnesses	illness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	illnesses	illness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | can | viruses | illnesses |  | a common cold to serious illnesses |  | in people and animals | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition illness=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Under a microscope they have spikes that look like a crown.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:m1:2
# text = Under a microscope they have spikes that look like a crown.
1	Under	under	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	spikes	spike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	crown	crown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | illnesses *= illness* | spikes |  | a microscope |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spike=Patient |
| 2 | **look** | present | spikes |  |  |  |  | like a crown | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: everyday — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic that spread around the world from 2020, and the illness it caused.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:m2:1
# text = The virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic that spread around the world from 2020, and the illness it caused.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	COVID	COVID	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	19	19	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	flat	_	_
9	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	around	around	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	2020	2020	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the virus | the COVID pandemic |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition pandemic=Patient |
| 2 | **spread** | past | the COVID pandemic |  |  | the world |  | from 2020 | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around world=Location |
| 3 | **cause** | past | the illness |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The coronavirus spread around the world in 2020.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x1:1
# text = The coronavirus spread around the world in 2020.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	2020	2020	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | the coronavirus |  |  | the world |  | in 2020 | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around world=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coronaviruses are named after the crown-like spikes on their surface.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x2:1
# text = Coronaviruses are named after the crown-like spikes on their surface.
1	Coronaviruses	coronavirus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	crown	crown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	like	like	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	spikes	spike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | present · passive |  | Coronaviruses |  |  | after the like spikes on Coronaviruses's surface |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During the coronavirus lockdown we had school on the computer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x3:1
# text = During the coronavirus lockdown we had school on the computer.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	lockdown	lockdown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | we | school |  | the computer | during the coronavirus lockdown |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent school=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some colds are caused by a coronavirus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x4:1
# text = Some colds are caused by a coronavirus.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	colds	cold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a coronavirus | some colds |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wash your hands to stop viruses like the coronavirus spreading.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x5:1
# text = Wash your hands to stop viruses like the coronavirus spreading.
1	Wash	wash	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
6	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | imperative | you *not said here* | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | viruses |  |  |  | like the coronavirus | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality virus=Eventuality |
| 3 | **spread** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists made vaccines against the coronavirus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x6:1
# text = Scientists made vaccines against the coronavirus.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	vaccines	vaccine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Scientists | vaccines |  |  |  | against the coronavirus | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset vaccine=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My nan stayed home a lot while the coronavirus was spreading.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:coronavirus:x7:1
# text = My nan stayed home a lot while the coronavirus was spreading.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	nan	nan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	home	home	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	coronavirus	coronavirus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | My nan | a lot |  |  |  | home *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **spread** | past · progressive | the coronavirus |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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