---
title: corruption — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «corruption» in the school dictionary: Dishonest or illegal behaviour by people with power, such as taking bribes or using public money for themselves. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# corruption

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** that, word, name, free newspaper, people, Giving · **What happens:** take, use, make, change, spoil, be · **To what, where:** bribes, public money, something, it, Ta, older form · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«corruption» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [corruption in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/corruption.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dishonest or illegal behaviour by people with power, such as taking bribes or using public money for themselves.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:m1:1
# text = Dishonest or illegal behaviour by people with power, such as taking bribes or using public money for themselves.
1	Dishonest	dishonest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ	12	mark	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
13	bribes	bribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	conj	_	_
16	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | gerund |  | bribes |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bribe=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | gerund |  | public money |  |  |  | for bribes *= bribe* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent money=Theme for themselves=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making something bad or rotten, or changing something so it is spoiled, such as «corruption of a computer file».

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:m2:1
# text = Making something bad or rotten, or changing something so it is spoiled, such as «corruption of a computer file».
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	csubj:pass	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	rotten	rotten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	changing	change	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	spoiled	spoil	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	18	case	_	_
16	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	parataxis	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	file	file	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **change** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 3 | **spoil** | present · passive |  | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A word or name that has changed from its older or proper form over time, as in «"Ta" is a corruption of "thank you"».

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:m3:1
# text = A word or name that has changed from its older or proper form over time, as in «"Ta" is a corruption of "thank you"».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
10	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	amod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	proper	proper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
14	over	over	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	Ta	Ta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	thank	thank	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	parataxis	_	_
29	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present · perfect | that | Ta |  | name's older form | time |  | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.material PP.result»: agent=Agent ta=Patient from form=Initial\_State |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | a word or name | a corruption |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **thank** *speech: thank* | present |  |  | you |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |
| 4 | **form** |  | name |  |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mayor was arrested for corruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x1:1
# text = The mayor was arrested for corruption.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	arrested	arrest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrest** | past · passive |  | the mayor |  |  |  | for corruption | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Patient for corruption=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A free newspaper helps people find out about corruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x2:1
# text = A free newspaper helps people find out about corruption.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	newspaper	newspaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | a free newspaper | people |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **find out** | infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  | about corruption | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about corruption=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Giving a referee money to cheat is a kind of corruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x3:1
# text = Giving a referee money to cheat is a kind of corruption.
1	Giving	give	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	cheat	cheat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | gerund |  | a referee money |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 2 | **cheat** | to-infinitive |  | a referee money *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Giving | a kind |  |  |  | of corruption | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
File corruption meant my homework would not open.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x4:1
# text = File corruption meant my homework would not open.
1	File	file	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	meant	mean	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	open	open	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | past | File corruption |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **open** | would | my homework |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story, the king's power led to corruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x5:1
# text = In the story, the king's power led to corruption.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | the king's power |  |  |  |  | to corruption; in the story | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition in story=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Hello» may be a corruption of an older greeting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x6:1
# text = «Hello» may be a corruption of an older greeting.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Hello	hello	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
11	greeting	greeting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | may |  | a corruption |  |  |  | of a older greeting | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many countries pass laws to stop corruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:corruption:x7:1
# text = Many countries pass laws to stop corruption.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	pass	pass	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	corruption	corruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | present | Many countries | laws |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme law=Trajectory |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | Many countries *not said here* | corruption |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality corruption=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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