---
title: cough — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cough» in the school dictionary: To cough is to push air out of your lungs suddenly with a loud noise, often because something is in your throat or you are ill. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cough

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, you, cough, illness, machine, engine · **What happens:** cough, be, make, cover, have, give · **To what, where:** lungs, throat, action, illness, you, lot

<!-- .vabout -->
«cough» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cough in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cough.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cough is to push air out of your lungs suddenly with a loud noise, often because something is in your throat or you are ill.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:m1:1
# text = To cough is to push air out of your lungs suddenly with a loud noise, often because something is in your throat or you are ill.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	push	push	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
11	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
17	often	often	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
18	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
19	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	23	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
27	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cough** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | your lungs |  | with a loud noise; push, suddenly *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | something |  |  | your throat |  | often *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cough is this action or sound.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:m2:1
# text = A cough is this action or sound.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cough | this action or sound |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cough is an illness that makes you cough a lot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:m3:1
# text = A cough is an illness that makes you cough a lot.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cough | a illness |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a illness | you |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cough** | infinitive | you *not said here* | a lot |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A machine or engine coughs when it makes a rough sound.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:m4:1
# text = A machine or engine coughs when it makes a rough sound.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	coughs	cough	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cough** | present | a machine or engine |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | present | engine | a rough sound |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material sound=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cover your mouth when you cough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x1:1
# text = Cover your mouth when you cough.
1	Cover	cover	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	cough	cough	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | imperative | you *not said here* | your mouth |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme mouth=Destination |
| 2 | **cough** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I've had a cough all week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x2:1
# text = I've had a cough all week.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | I | a cough |  |  | week |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cough=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The smoke made us cough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x3:1
# text = The smoke made us cough.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the smoke | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cough** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor gave me cough medicine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x4:1
# text = The doctor gave me cough medicine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the doctor |  | me |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cough** | infinitive | the doctor *not said here* | medicine |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent medicine=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He coughed politely to get our attention.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x5:1
# text = He coughed politely to get our attention.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	coughed	cough	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	politely	politely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	attention	attention	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cough** | past | He |  |  |  |  | politely *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **get** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* | our attention |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer attention=Stimulus |
| 3 | **attend** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom attention «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old car coughed and stopped.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x6:1
# text = The old car coughed and stopped.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	coughed	cough	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cough** | past | the old car |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stop** | past | the old car *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Come on, cough up the money you owe!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x7:1
# text = Come on, cough up the money you owe!
1	Come	come	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	on	on	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	cough	cough	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	owe	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come on** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cough up** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the money |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 3 | **owe** | present | you | the money *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent money=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was NOVEMBER, who coughed violently as he got out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cough:x8:1
# text = It was NOVEMBER, who coughed violently as he got out.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	NOVEMBER	NOVEMBER	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	coughed	cough	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	violently	violently	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
11	out	out	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | NOVEMBER |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cough** | past | NOVEMBER |  |  |  |  | violently *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **get out** | past | he |  |  |  |  | out *property* | vn withdraw-82-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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