---
title: courage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «courage» in the school dictionary: Courage is the ability to do something that frightens you or is difficult, even when you feel afraid: bravery. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# courage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Courage, you, your, It, She, cowardly lion · **What happens:** be, do, frighten, feel, mean, believe · **To what, where:** ability, something, you, courage, truth, teacher · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«courage» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [courage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/courage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage is the ability to do something that frightens you or is difficult, even when you feel afraid: bravery.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:m1:1
# text = Courage is the ability to do something that frightens you or is difficult, even when you feel afraid: bravery.
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ability	ability	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	frightens	frighten	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	even	even	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	feel	feel	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
19	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
21	bravery	bravery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Courage | the ability and bravery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 3 | **frighten** | present |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | difficult *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **feel** | present | you |  |  |  |  | afraid *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«The courage of your convictions» means being brave enough to do what you believe is right.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:m2:1
# text = «The courage of your convictions» means being brave enough to do what you believe is right.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	convictions	conviction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	cop	_	_
10	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	csubj	_	_
11	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	advcl	_	_
14	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	13	obj	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the courage of your convictions |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | brave, enough *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |
| 4 | **believe** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **convict** *in a quote* |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom conviction «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It took courage to tell the teacher the truth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x1:1
# text = It took courage to tell the teacher the truth.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | It | courage |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Theme |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  | the truth | the teacher |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Recipient truth=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She plucked up the courage to jump off the diving board.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x2:1
# text = She plucked up the courage to jump off the diving board.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	plucked	pluck	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	jump	jump	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	off	off	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	diving	diving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pluck up** | past | She | the courage |  |  |  |  | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Patient |
| 2 | **jump off** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | the diving board |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme board=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighter was praised for his courage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x3:1
# text = The firefighter was praised for his courage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighter	firefighter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	praised	praise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **praise** | past · passive |  | the firefighter |  |  |  | for his courage | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme for courage=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage is not having no fear — it's doing the right thing anyway.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x4:1
# text = Courage is not having no fear — it's doing the right thing anyway.
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
6	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	anyway	anyway	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | present · progressive | Courage | no fear |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fear=Patient |
| 2 | **do** | present · progressive | Courage | the right thing |  |  |  | anyway *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cowardly lion went to find courage from the Wizard of Oz.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x5:1
# text = The cowardly lion went to find courage from the Wizard of Oz.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cowardly	cowardly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Wizard	Wizard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Oz.	Oz.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the cowardly lion |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | the cowardly lion *not said here* | courage |  |  |  | from the Wizard of Oz. | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent courage=Theme from wizard=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Standing up for a friend takes courage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x6:1
# text = Standing up for a friend takes courage.
1	Standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	csubj	_	_
2	up	up	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand up** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | for a friend | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **take** | present | Standing | courage |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Well, have you lost your courage?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courage:x7:1
# text = Well, have you lost your courage?
1	Well	well	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present · perfect | you | your courage |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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