---
title: courteous — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «courteous» in the school dictionary: Polite, kind and showing respect for others. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# courteous

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**Who acts:** shopkeeper, you, He, Holding, tour guide · **What happens:** show, be, give, bow, hold, do · **To what, where:** respect, courteous reply, rude letter, courteous knight, door, courteous thing

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«courteous» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [courteous in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/courteous.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polite, kind and showing respect for others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:m1:1
# text = Polite, kind and showing respect for others.
1	Polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	showing	show	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
6	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | gerund |  | respect |  |  |  | for others | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent respect=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shopkeeper was courteous and helpful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x1:1
# text = The shopkeeper was courteous and helpful.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shopkeeper	shopkeeper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	helpful	helpful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the shopkeeper |  |  |  |  | courteous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the shopkeeper *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always be courteous to your guests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x2:1
# text = Always be courteous to your guests.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	3	advmod	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	cop	_	_
3	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	guests	guest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to your guests; always, courteous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He gave a courteous reply to the rude letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x3:1
# text = He gave a courteous reply to the rude letter.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	reply	reply	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | He | a courteous reply | the rude letter |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent reply=Theme to letter=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The courteous knight bowed to the queen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x4:1
# text = The courteous knight bowed to the queen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	bowed	bow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bow** | participle |  | the courteous knight *not said here* |  |  |  | to the queen | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V PP.pivot»: agent=Agent to queen=Pivot |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Holding the door open is a courteous thing to do.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x5:1
# text = Holding the door open is a courteous thing to do.
1	Holding	hold	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | gerund |  | the door |  |  |  | open *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent door=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Holding | a courteous thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our tour guide was friendly and courteous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x6:1
# text = Our tour guide was friendly and courteous.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	tour	tour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	guide	guide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Our tour guide |  |  |  |  | friendly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Our tour guide *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For he was clever, honest, courteous, and witty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:courteous:x7:1
# text = For he was clever, honest, courteous, and witty.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	courteous	courteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	witty	witty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | he |  |  |  |  | clever *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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