---
title: crag — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crag» in the school dictionary: A steep, rough, rocky cliff or high rock sticking out from a hill or mountain. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crag

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** high rock, Edinburgh Castle, Climbers, Mist, old sailor, you · **What happens:** stick out, perch, stand, scale, hide, have · **To what, where:** hill, eagle, crag, volcanic crag, steep crag, crags

<!-- .vabout -->
«crag» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crag in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crag.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A steep, rough, rocky cliff or high rock sticking out from a hill or mountain.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:m1:1
# text = A steep, rough, rocky cliff or high rock sticking out from a hill or mountain.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
11	sticking	stick	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
12	out	out	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stick out** | gerund | high rock *not said here* |  |  | a hill or mountain |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An eagle perched on the crag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x1:1
# text = An eagle perched on the crag.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	eagle	eagle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	perched	perch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	crag	crag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perch** | participle |  | a eagle *not said here* |  | the crag |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on crag=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Edinburgh Castle stands on a volcanic crag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x2:1
# text = Edinburgh Castle stands on a volcanic crag.
1	Edinburgh	Edinburgh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Castle	Castle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	crag	crag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | Edinburgh Castle |  |  | a volcanic crag |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on crag=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Climbers scaled the steep crag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x3:1
# text = Climbers scaled the steep crag.
1	Climbers	climber	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scaled	scale	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	crag	crag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scale** | past | Climbers | the steep crag |  |  |  |  | vn pit-10.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crag=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mist hid the crags above the valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x4:1
# text = Mist hid the crags above the valley.
1	Mist	mist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hid	hide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	crags	crag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	above	above	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | past | Mist | the crags |  | the valley |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent crag=Patient above valley=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old sailor had a craggy face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x5:1
# text = The old sailor had a craggy face.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sailor	sailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	craggy	craggy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the old sailor | a craggy face |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't climb crags without proper gear and an instructor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x6:1
# text = Don't climb crags without proper gear and an instructor.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	climb	climb	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	crags	crag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	without	without	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	proper	proper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	gear	gear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	instructor	instructor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **climb** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | crags |  |  |  | without proper gear and a instructor | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location crag=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Next year the Eagle built her nest far up on a mountain crag; but the Beetle found it and again destroyed the eggs.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crag:x7:1
# text = Next year the Eagle built her nest far up on a mountain crag; but the Beetle found it and again destroyed the eggs.
1	Next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Eagle	Eagle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	nest	nest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
9	up	up	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	crag	crag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	Beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	again	again	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	destroyed	destroy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | the Eagle | Eagle's nest |  | a mountain crag | year |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nest=Theme on crag=Source |
| 2 | **find** | past | the Beetle | nest |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic |
| 3 | **destroy** | past | the Beetle *not said here* | the eggs |  |  | again |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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