---
title: cram — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cram» in the school dictionary: To cram is to push too many things or people into a small space. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cram

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cram food, He, you, She, We · **What happens:** be, stuff, cram, not cram, revise, hansel down · **To what, where:** small space, mouth, clothes, one small bag, Twenty people, tiny lift

<!-- .vabout -->
«cram» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cram in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cram.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cram is to push too many things or people into a small space.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:m1:1
# text = To cram is to push too many things or people into a small space.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cram	cram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	push	push	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	too	too	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  | a small space |  | push *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cram is to study a lot in a short time just before a test.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:m2:1
# text = To cram is to study a lot in a short time just before a test.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cram	cram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	study	study	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
12	just	just	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	before	before	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | before a test; time | study *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cram food is to eat it very fast, stuffing your mouth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:m3:1
# text = To cram food is to eat it very fast, stuffing your mouth.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	cram	cram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	stuffing	stuff	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | cram food |  |  |  |  | eat, fast *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **stuff** | gerund | cram food *not said here* | your mouth |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mouth=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He crammed all his clothes into one small bag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x1:1
# text = He crammed all his clothes into one small bag.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crammed	cram	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	5	det:predet	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	2	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | past | He | his clothes |  | one small bag |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent clothes=Theme into bag=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Twenty people crammed into the tiny lift.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x2:1
# text = Twenty people crammed into the tiny lift.
1	Twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	crammed	cram	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	lift	lift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | participle |  | Twenty people *not said here* |  | the tiny lift |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into lift=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't cram for the test the night before; revise a bit each day.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x3:1
# text = Don't cram for the test the night before; revise a bit each day.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	cram	cram	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
9	before	before	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
11	revise	revise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	15	det	_	_
15	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **cram** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  | night | for the test; before *property* | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **revise** | infinitive | you *not said here* | a bit |  |  | day |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bit=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cupboard was crammed with old toys.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x4:1
# text = The cupboard was crammed with old toys.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cupboard	cupboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	crammed	cram	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	toys	toy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | past · passive |  | the cupboard |  |  |  | with old toys | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: subject=Destination with toy=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She crammed the whole sandwich into her mouth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x5:1
# text = She crammed the whole sandwich into her mouth.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crammed	cram	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sandwich	sandwich	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | past | She | the whole sandwich |  | her mouth |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent sandwich=Theme into mouth=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We crammed into the car for the trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x6:1
# text = We crammed into the car for the trip.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crammed	cram	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | past | We |  |  | the car |  | for the trip | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent into car=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shelves were crammed full of books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x7:1
# text = The shelves were crammed full of books.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shelves	shelf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	crammed	cram	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cram** | past · passive |  | the shelves |  |  |  | full *property* | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hansel bent down and filled his pocket with as many of them as he could cram in.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cram:x8:1
# text = Hansel bent down and filled his pocket with as many of them as he could cram in.
1	Hansel	hansel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	bent	bend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	xcomp	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	pocket	pocket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nmod	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	cram	cram	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hansel down** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bend down** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **fill** | past | you *not said here* | his pocket |  |  |  | with many of them | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent pocket=Patient with many=Instrument |
| 4 | **cram in** | could | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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