---
title: cramp — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cramp» in the school dictionary: A cramp is a sudden, painful tightening of a muscle, often in the leg or foot. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cramp

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cramp, Cramps, I, you, hand, She · **What happens:** be, cramp, mean, stop, move, act · **To what, where:** sudden painful tightening, pains, stomach, someone, style, cramp · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cramp» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cramp in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cramp.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cramp is a sudden, painful tightening of a muscle, often in the leg or foot.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:m1:1
# text = A cramp is a sudden, painful tightening of a muscle, often in the leg or foot.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cramp	cramp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	painful	painful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	tightening	tightening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	often	often	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cramp | a sudden painful tightening |  |  |  | of a muscle | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cramps are pains in the stomach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:m2:1
# text = Cramps are pains in the stomach.
1	Cramps	cramp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	pains	pain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Cramps | pains |  | the stomach |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cramp means to stop someone moving or acting freely: cramp your style.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:m3:1
# text = To cramp means to stop someone moving or acting freely: cramp your style.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cramp	cramp	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	acting	act	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	conj	_	_
10	freely	freely	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	cramp	cramp	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	style	style	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cramp** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **stop** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality someone=Eventuality |
| 4 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **act** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | freely *property* | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **cramp** | infinitive |  | your style |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I got cramp in my leg during the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x1:1
# text = I got cramp in my leg during the race.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cramp	cramp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	during	during	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | I | cramp |  | my leg | during the race |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cramp=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stretch your leg to ease the cramp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x2:1
# text = Stretch your leg to ease the cramp.
1	Stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	ease	ease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cramp	cramp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stretch** | imperative | you *not said here* | your leg |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent leg=Patient |
| 2 | **ease** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the cramp |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent cramp=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My hand had a cramp after writing so much.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x3:1
# text = My hand had a cramp after writing so much.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cramp	cramp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	writing	write	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	much	much	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | My hand | a cramp |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cramp=Patient |
| 2 | **write** | gerund | My hand *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She had stomach cramps after eating too fast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x4:1
# text = She had stomach cramps after eating too fast.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	cramps	cramp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | She | stomach cramps |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cramp=Patient |
| 2 | **eat** | gerund | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cramp in the water can be dangerous, so swim near the shore.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x5:1
# text = A cramp in the water can be dangerous, so swim near the shore.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cramp	cramp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
8	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
12	near	near	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | a cramp |  |  |  |  | dangerous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **swim** | infinitive | a cramp *not said here* |  |  | the shore |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near shore=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The small car felt cramped with five people in it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x6:1
# text = The small car felt cramped with five people in it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	cramped	cramped	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | the small car |  |  |  |  | with five people in it; cramped *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Even where he was, Shere Khan’s shoulders and forepaws were cramped for want of room, as a man’s would be if he tried to fight in a barrel.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cramp:x7:1
# text = Even where he was, Shere Khan’s shoulders and forepaws were cramped for want of room, as a man’s would be if he tried to fight in a barrel.
1	Even	even	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	13	advmod	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
6	Shere	Shere	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	_
7	Khan	Khan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	’s	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
9	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	forepaws	forepaw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	cramped	cramped	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	want	want	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	’s	's	PART	POS	_	21	case	_	_
23	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
24	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	cop	_	_
25	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	tried	try	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	dep	_	_
28	to	to	PART	TO	_	29	mark	_	_
29	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	xcomp	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	barrel	barrel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | he |  |  |  |  | where *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | would · past | Shere's shoulders and forepaws |  |  |  |  | for want of room; cramped *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | infinitive | man |  |  |  |  | try *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **fight** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | man *not said here* |  |  | a barrel |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **want** |  |  | room |  |  |  |  | nom want «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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