---
title: crane — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crane» in the school dictionary: A crane is a very tall machine with a long arm used to lift and move heavy things, especially on building sites and at ports. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crane

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** crane, huge crane, steel, We, I, crane driver · **What happens:** be, use, lift, move, crane, see · **To what, where:** tall machine, long arm, heavy things, building sites, large bird, neck · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crane» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crane in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crane.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crane is a very tall machine with a long arm used to lift and move heavy things, especially on building sites and at ports.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:m1:1
# text = A crane is a very tall machine with a long arm used to lift and move heavy things, especially on building sites and at ports.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	lift	lift	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
17	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	sites	site	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	at	at	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	ports	port	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crane | a tall machine |  |  |  | with a long arm | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a long arm *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **lift** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **move** | infinitive |  | heavy things |  | building sites and ports |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent thing=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crane is also a large bird with long legs, a long neck and a long beak.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:m2:1
# text = A crane is also a large bird with long legs, a long neck and a long beak.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	beak	beak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crane | a large bird and a long neck and a long beak |  |  |  | with long legs | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To crane your neck is to stretch your neck to see something better.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:m3:1
# text = To crane your neck is to stretch your neck to see something better.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	crane	crane	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obj	_	_
13	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crane** | to-infinitive |  | your neck |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | stretch *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **see** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A huge crane lifted the steel beams to the top floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x1:1
# text = A huge crane lifted the steel beams to the top floor.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lifted	lift	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	beams	beam	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift** | past | a huge crane |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **beam** | present | the steel |  | the top floor |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to floor=Recipient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crane unloaded the containers from the ship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x2:1
# text = The crane unloaded the containers from the ship.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	unloaded	unload	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	containers	container	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **unload** | past | the crane | the containers |  | the ship |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent container=Theme from ship=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crane stood in the marsh on one leg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x3:1
# text = A crane stood in the marsh on one leg.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	marsh	marsh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | a crane |  |  | the marsh |  | on one leg | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in marsh=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We folded paper cranes in art class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x4:1
# text = We folded paper cranes in art class.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	folded	fold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	cranes	crane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fold** | past | We | paper cranes |  | art class |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent crane=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I craned my neck to see over the crowd.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x5:1
# text = I craned my neck to see over the crowd.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	craned	crane	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crane** | past | I | my neck |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Patient |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  | the crowd |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crane driver sits in a little cab high in the air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x6:1
# text = The crane driver sits in a little cab high in the air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cab	cab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present | the crane driver |  |  | a little cab |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in cab=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cranes fly in big flocks when they migrate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x7:1
# text = Cranes fly in big flocks when they migrate.
1	Cranes	crane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	flocks	flock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	migrate	migrate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | Cranes |  |  | big flocks |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in flock=Location |
| 2 | **migrate** | present | Cranes *= crane* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
‘Take this sack,’ said the crane.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crane:x8:1
# text = ‘Take this sack,’ said the crane.
1	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	sack	sack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | infinitive |  | this sack |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sack=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  | the crane |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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