---
title: crater — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crater» in the school dictionary: A crater is a large bowl-shaped hole in the ground made when something hits it, like a meteorite or a bomb. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crater

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** crater, something, We, Smoke, meteorite, Bigger stones · **What happens:** shape, be, make, hit, cover, drop · **To what, where:** large shaped hole, ground, crater, top, small hollow, surface · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crater» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crater in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crater.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crater is a large bowl-shaped hole in the ground made when something hits it, like a meteorite or a bomb.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:m1:1
# text = A crater is a large bowl-shaped hole in the ground made when something hits it, like a meteorite or a bomb.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	bowl	bowl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
14	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	16	mark	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	16	nsubj	_	_
16	hits	hit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	meteorite	meteorite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	bomb	bomb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a crater | a large shaped hole |  | the ground |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  | a large shaped hole *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **hit** | present | something | crater |  |  |  | like a meteorite or a bomb | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crater is the hollow at the top of a volcano.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:m2:1
# text = A crater is the hollow at the top of a volcano.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hollow	hollow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a crater |  |  | the top of a volcano |  | hollow *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crater can also be any small hollow or dip, like a dent in a soft surface.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:m3:1
# text = A crater can also be any small hollow or dip, like a dent in a soft surface.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	hollow	hollow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dip	dip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	dent	dent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a crater | any small hollow or dip and a dent in a soft surface |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Moon's surface is covered in craters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x1:1
# text = The Moon's surface is covered in craters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	craters	crater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | the Moon's surface |  |  |  | in craters | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in crater=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We dropped stones into a tray of flour to make craters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x2:1
# text = We dropped stones into a tray of flour to make craters.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	dropped	drop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tray	tray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	flour	flour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	craters	crater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drop** | past | We | stones |  | a tray of flour |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent stone=Theme into tray=Destination |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | craters |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset crater=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoke rose from the crater of the volcano.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x3:1
# text = Smoke rose from the crater of the volcano.
1	Smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | past | Smoke |  |  | the crater of the volcano |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from crater=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A meteorite made a huge crater in the desert.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x4:1
# text = A meteorite made a huge crater in the desert.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	meteorite	meteorite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | a meteorite | a huge crater |  | the desert |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset crater=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bigger stones made deeper craters in our experiment.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x5:1
# text = Bigger stones made deeper craters in our experiment.
1	Bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	amod	_	_
2	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	deeper	deep	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	craters	crater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Bigger stones | deeper craters |  | our experiment |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset crater=Product |
| 2 | **experiment** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom experiment «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bomb left a crater in the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x6:1
# text = The bomb left a crater in the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bomb	bomb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the bomb | a crater |  | the road |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent crater=Theme in road=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some craters fill with water and become lakes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x7:1
# text = Some craters fill with water and become lakes.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	craters	crater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fill	fill	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
8	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | present | some craters |  |  |  |  | with water | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with water=Instrument |
| 2 | **become** | infinitive | some craters *not said here* | lakes |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Does the crater of the volcano know that the glowing lava is pouring from it?

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crater:x8:1
# text = Does the crater of the volcano know that the glowing lava is pouring from it?
1	Does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	pouring	pour	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	ccomp	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present · do-support | the crater of the volcano |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **glow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **pour** | present · progressive | the glowing lava |  |  | crater |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP.theme V PP.source»: agent=Theme from it=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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